gotten

gotten — verb

1. the form of the verb 'get' that follows 'have', 'has', or 'had' to build perfect

1.動詞及物 / 不及物B1
釋義

the form of the verb 'get' that follows 'have', 'has', or 'had' to build perfect-tense expressions. It is the usual past participle in American English; British English uses 'got' instead for this purpose. For instance: 'The weather has gotten colder this week' (US) — a British speaker would say 'The weather has got colder this week'.

例句

Lucía has gotten much better at playing the piano since she started taking lessons.

pattern: has gotten + comparative adjective (better)

Asher has gotten used to the cold weather after moving to Canada last year.

pattern: has gotten + used to + noun phrase

文法句型

have/has gotten + comparative adjective

have/has gotten + used to + noun phrase

have/has gotten + past participle (passive construction)

用法筆記

This sense is the standard past participle in American English for nearly all meanings of 'get'. In British English, 'got' fills this role instead (e.g. 'She has got promoted'). However, both varieties use 'have got' to mean 'possess' or 'must' — and in that fixed expression 'gotten' never appears, even in US English. British English does preserve 'gotten' in one fossilized phrase: 'ill-gotten gains'.

常見錯誤

❌She has gotten to go now.
✅She has got to go now.
💡The expression 'have got to' (meaning 'must') always uses 'got', never 'gotten', even in American English.
❌I have gotten a cold last week.
✅I got a cold last week.
💡'Gotten' is for perfect tenses (have/has/had + gotten); for a finished past event at a specific time, use the simple past 'got'.