including

including — preposition

1. used to introduce a person, thing, or amount that belongs to the group, list, or

1.介系詞A2
釋義

used to introduce a person, thing, or amount that belongs to the group, list, or total that has just been mentioned.

例句

Several students in the class, including Naoko and Kian, passed the test.

including + noun phrase in the middle of a sentence

The meal costs $15, including a drink and a side dish.

including + noun phrase showing what the total covers

同義詞
  • such as

    Used to introduce examples, not necessarily all members of the group — broader meaning, but often interchangeable in casual speech.

  • as well as

    Adds an extra item to a list but does not emphasise membership in a group the way 'including' does.

  • plus

    More informal; used in everyday speech to add one more item to a list.

反義詞
  • excluding

    Direct opposite — signals that the item is NOT part of the group or total.

  • without

    Shows that something is absent or not included; more general than 'excluding'.

文法句型

including + noun / noun phrase

用法筆記

Commonly followed by a noun or noun phrase. Unlike 'such as', which introduces examples, 'including' can refer to actual members of a set. In formal writing, 'including but not limited to' is used before a list that gives examples without claiming these are all the items.

常見錯誤

❌The price is $10, included tax.
✅The price is $10, including tax.
💡Use 'including' (the preposition), not 'included' (the past participle), before the item that is part of the total.
❌I like fruits, such as apples and including oranges.
✅I like fruits, including apples and oranges.
💡Don't combine 'such as' and 'including' together; choose one.