notwithstanding
notwithstanding — preposition
1. used to say that something happens or remains true even when a particular fact o
used to say that something happens or remains true even when a particular fact or situation might lead you to think otherwise
Notwithstanding the heavy rain, Mark continued his morning run along the river.
notwithstanding + noun phrase at start of sentence
The board approved the merger, notwithstanding strong objections from several shareholders.
notwithstanding + noun phrase after main clause
Notwithstanding her lack of experience, Charlotte was offered the position of head nurse.
Adina accepted the invitation notwithstanding the fact that she barely knew the host.
The old bridge remained open for traffic, notwithstanding warnings from the engineering team.
- despite
less formal; more common in everyday speech
- in spite of
same meaning and formality level as 'despite'
- regardless of
emphasises that the obstacle is ignored or does not matter
文法句型
notwithstanding + noun phrase
notwithstanding + the fact that
用法筆記
More formal than 'despite' or 'in spite of'. Can appear either before or after the noun phrase it governs.
常見錯誤
notwithstanding — adverb
1. used after stating one fact to show that a different, often opposite fact is als
used after stating one fact to show that a different, often opposite fact is also true; meaning nevertheless or however
The hotel was expensive and poorly located. Notwithstanding, Esteban loved the weekend trip.
sentence-initial notwithstanding contrasting prior statement
Camila knew the exam would be extremely difficult. She decided to try notwithstanding.
end-of-sentence notwithstanding
The critics panned the film. The movie was, notwithstanding, a commercial success.
Tara had almost no formal training in finance. The company hired her notwithstanding.
- nevertheless
equally formal; more common in written English
- however
less formal; very common in both speech and writing
- nonetheless
same level of formality; emphasises contrast more strongly
文法句型
[contrasting statement] + [new sentence beginning with] + Notwithstanding
...notwithstanding... (mid-sentence, between commas)
...notwithstanding (end of sentence)
用法筆記
Unlike most adverbs, 'notwithstanding' can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. The most common position is at the start of the second sentence.
常見錯誤
notwithstanding — conjunction
1. used to introduce a clause that presents a fact that seems to disagree with or b
used to introduce a clause that presents a fact that seems to disagree with or balance the main statement in the sentence
Notwithstanding that the flight was delayed by three hours, the Watanabe family arrived in time for the wedding.
notwithstanding that + clause at start of sentence
Yan decided to buy the apartment, notwithstanding that it was much smaller than she had hoped.
notwithstanding that + clause after main clause
Notwithstanding that the company had lost several major clients, the CEO remained confident about the future.
Lotte agreed to manage the project, notwithstanding that she was already handling three other assignments.
- although
much more common; suitable for both formal and informal contexts
- even though
emphasises the surprising nature of the contrast; neutral register
文法句型
notwithstanding that + clause
用法筆記
Always followed by 'that' to introduce a clause. This construction is very formal and used mainly in legal or official documents. In everyday English, 'although' or 'even though' are preferred.