racism
racism — noun
1. a system of practices, rules, or social structures within a society that give so
a system of practices, rules, or social structures within a society that give some racial groups lasting advantages while treating other groups unfairly or causing them harm
Faisal wrote a detailed report about racism in the city's housing system.
uncountable noun: racism in + [institution/area]
The manager learned how racism affects hiring during the training session.
passive: how racism affects [process]
Racism in the school system was the main topic of the student protest.
Researchers found clear patterns of racism in the way hospitals admit patients.
The newspaper's series on racism in banking earned a national journalism award.
- racial discrimination
focuses on specific acts and unequal treatment rather than the underlying system
- racial injustice
emphasises the unfair outcomes produced by racist systems
- systemic oppression
stronger term that stresses active domination of one group by another
- racial equality
a state where race does not determine access to opportunities or fair treatment
- racial justice
active efforts to dismantle racist systems and create fairness
用法筆記
Frequently modified by adjectives such as 'institutional', 'systemic', or 'structural' to describe racism embedded in organisations or broader society rather than individual actions.
常見錯誤
2. the idea that humanity can be sorted into separate racial groups and that certai
the idea that humanity can be sorted into separate racial groups and that certain groups are innately better than others, together with the harmful speech, mindsets, and behaviours that stem from this idea
Selim felt hurt by the racism expressed openly at a family dinner.
verb pattern: feel / face / experience racism
In history class, Ms. Apinya showed the students how racism spread through false claims about intelligence.
Rachel decided to speak up when she noticed racism among her new coworkers.
Iker's grandparents had faced racism when they first arrived in the country.
After a racist incident at the local market, residents started meeting weekly to talk about racism in their community.
- racial prejudice
emphasises prejudging based on race, often at the individual level
- racial bias
broader term that can include unconscious or unintentional preferences
- racial stereotyping
the act of applying generalised — often false — traits to an entire racial group
- racial equality
the principle that all races deserve the same rights and respect
- racial harmony
a state of peaceful and respectful coexistence among racial groups
用法筆記
This sense covers both openly expressed beliefs and unconscious prejudice. Distinguish from sense 1 (SYSTEMIC INJUSTICE), which focuses on societal structures and institutional practices rather than personal beliefs.