undertaken

undertaken — verb

1. The past participle form of the verb 'undertake,' used together with an auxiliar

1.動詞B2
釋義

The past participle form of the verb 'undertake,' used together with an auxiliary verb to describe something that has been started, agreed to do, or carried out — especially when the task is difficult or takes a long time.

例句

The research project was undertaken by Élise and her colleagues at the university.

passive: be undertaken by [person/group]

Lukas has undertaken a long journey across the mountains of South America.

present perfect: has undertaken + [noun phrase]

同義詞
  • carried out

    more general and less formal; used for tasks, orders, or plans that are completed

  • conducted

    common in research or organised activities such as experiments, surveys, or meetings

  • performed

    suggests carrying out a set of expected actions or duties, often with a specific procedure

  • taken on

    less formal phrasal verb that emphasises accepting responsibility or a challenge

反義詞
  • abandoned

    suggests stopping something that had already been started

  • avoided

    suggests choosing not to start or get involved with a task

文法句型

have/has/had + undertaken (perfect)

be + undertaken (passive)

用法筆記

Cannot be used alone as a finite verb — it always requires an auxiliary (has, have, had, was, were, is, are, been). Common in formal and academic writing; in everyday conversation, speakers often prefer the past tense 'undertook' (e.g. 'She undertook the project last year').

常見錯誤

❌The team undertaken the project last month.
✅The team undertook the project last month.
💡'undertaken' needs an auxiliary verb; use simple past 'undertook' without one.
❌The work was undertake by a local firm.
✅The work was undertaken by a local firm.
💡after 'was' in passive voice, use the past participle 'undertaken,' not the base form.