written
written — verb
1. the form of the verb 'write' that is used together with 'has', 'have', or 'had'
the form of the verb 'write' that is used together with 'has', 'have', or 'had' to talk about a completed action of putting words on paper, or together with a form of 'be' to describe something produced by writing.
By the time the teacher arrived, Élise had written three full paragraphs.
past perfect: had + written + object
The letter was written in careful handwriting by a young student.
passive: be written [by + agent]
Have you ever written a poem and shown it to someone else?
Ilan had never written a speech before the conference began.
All the application forms must be written in blue or black ink.
文法句型
have/has/had + written
be + written
用法筆記
Distinguish 'written' (past participle) from 'wrote' (simple past). Use 'written' after auxiliary verbs: 'has written', 'had written', 'was written'. Use 'wrote' alone for a finished action in the past without an auxiliary: 'She wrote the letter yesterday.'
常見錯誤
written — adjective
1. put into the form of words on paper or a screen, rather than spoken; involving r
put into the form of words on paper or a screen, rather than spoken; involving reading and writing skills rather than oral or practical ones.
Minh prefers written instructions over spoken directions when learning new software.
collocation: written instructions
The school sent a written warning to parents about the upcoming holiday.
collocation: written warning
A written agreement between the two companies was signed last Friday.
Salma failed the written exam even though she passed the practical test.
Some ancient cultures had rich spoken stories but no written language at all.
- in writing
phrase used after the verb ('put it in writing') rather than before a noun
- documented
stronger formality, implies official record-keeping
- recorded
broader — can mean audio, video, or written capture
文法句型
written + noun
用法筆記
The adjective 'written' appears almost always before a noun (attributive position). It commonly contrasts with 'spoken' or 'oral': a 'written test' involves reading and writing whereas a 'spoken test' involves talking. Unlike the verb participle, this sense does NOT refer to the act of writing itself.