frost
frost — 名詞
1. the white icy coating that appears on outdoor surfaces — like grass, car windows
霜
低溫下物體表面形成的白色冰晶
the white icy coating that appears on outdoor surfaces — like grass, car windows, and rooftops — during nights cold enough for water to freeze
A thick layer of frost covered the grass when Hiro went for his morning run.
Hiro 早上出去跑步時，草地上覆蓋著一層厚厚的霜。
collocation: thick layer of frost / covered with frost
Padma scraped the frost off her car windscreen before driving to work.
Padma 在開車上班前，先把車窗上的霜刮掉。
verb pattern: scrape off / remove frost
The frost on the kitchen window made delicate patterns like tiny ferns and leaves.
廚房窗戶上的霜形成了像小蕨葉和樹葉般的美麗圖案。
After the first heavy frost of autumn, the fallen leaves felt crisp and brittle underfoot.
入秋的第一場重霜過後，地上的落葉踩起來又脆又硬。
Lien noticed frost sparkling on the fence posts when she stepped outside at sunrise.
Lien 在日出時走到外面，發現霜在籬笆柱上閃閃發光。
- dew
water droplets that form on cool surfaces when the temperature stays above freezing
文法句型
frost + on + [surface]
[adjective] + frost
用法筆記
Often paired with adjectives indicating amount or severity: 'light frost', 'heavy frost', 'hard frost'. When saying an object IS covered in frost, use 'covered with/in frost'.
常見錯誤
2. a stretch of cold weather during which temperatures reach zero degrees Celsius o
嚴寒；冰凍
氣溫降至冰點以下的天氣狀況
a stretch of cold weather during which temperatures reach zero degrees Celsius or lower, often producing ice on surfaces and damaging unprotected plants
Early frosts in October can destroy a farmer's entire vegetable crop for the season.
十月裡的早霜可能會毀掉農夫一整個季節的蔬菜收成。
countable plural: frosts / collocation: early frost
The weather forecast warned of frost overnight, so Esteban brought the potted plants indoors.
氣象預報警告夜間會有嚴寒，Esteban 便把盆栽植物搬進室內。
collocation: warned of frost
A hard frost last night turned the bird bath into a solid block of ice.
昨晚的一場重霜把鳥澡盆凍成了一塊硬冰。
Gardeners in this region wait until after the last spring frost before planting tomatoes.
這個地區的園丁會等到春天最後一場霜後才種植番茄。
The north experienced ten degrees of frost for three nights in a row.
北部連續三個晚上經歷了零下十度的嚴寒。
- thaw
a period of warmer weather that melts ice and snow
文法句型
[adjective] + frost
a + [adjective] + frost
[number] + degrees of frost
用法筆記
In British English, 'degrees of frost' is used to say how many degrees below freezing the temperature is (e.g., 'five degrees of frost' = -5°C). In American English, 'freezing weather' or 'below-freezing temperatures' is more common.
常見錯誤
frost — 動詞
1. to acquire a surface layer of white ice crystals as temperatures drop below free
結霜
因低溫而在表面形成冰晶層
to acquire a surface layer of white ice crystals as temperatures drop below freezing; or to cause an object to be coated this way by the cold
The car windows frosted overnight, and Lucas waited for the heater to melt the ice.
Lucas 的車窗在夜間結了霜，他等待暖氣把冰融化。
phrasal verb: frost over
If the temperature stays below zero all night, the grass will frost and turn white.
如果整個夜晚氣溫都保持在零度以下，草地就會結霜變成白色。
The cold wind frosted the oak tree branches, making them look coated in sugar.
寒風給橡樹枝椏結了一層霜，看起來像是裹了一層糖。
Élise wiped a circle on the window where her breath had frosted the glass.
Élise 在窗戶上擦出一圈，因為她的呼氣讓玻璃結了霜。
- ice over
more general — can refer to any ice, not just the fine crystals of frost
- thaw
to melt ice or frost back into liquid
文法句型
frost + over/up (intransitive)
frost + [object] (transitive: cover with frost)
用法筆記
Intransitive use ('the window frosted over') is more common than transitive use ('the cold frosted the window'). The phrasal verb 'frost over' or 'frost up' is the typical way to describe windows, windshields, and glass surfaces.
常見錯誤
2. to cover the surface of a cake, cupcake, or other baked food with a sweet mixtur
抹糖霜
在蛋糕表面塗上糖霜裝飾
to cover the surface of a cake, cupcake, or other baked food with a sweet mixture made of sugar, butter, and flavourings for decoration or added taste
Dahlia spent an hour carefully frosting her sister's birthday cake with pale pink buttercream.
Dahlia 花了一個小時仔細地用淡粉色奶油糖霜為妹妹的生日蛋糕抹面。
common pattern: frost + a cake + with + [type of icing]
The bakery assistant frosted each cupcake with a swirl of chocolate icing.
麵包店助手在每個杯子蛋糕上擠了一圈巧克力糖霜。
Aylin tried to frost a three-layer cake, but the icing kept sliding off.
Aylin 試著幫三層蛋糕抹糖霜，但糖霜一直往下滑。
Christopher let the cookies cool before frosting them so the icing would set.
Christopher 讓餅乾冷卻後才擠糖霜，這樣糖霜才能凝固。
- ice
British equivalent; 'to ice a cake' means the same as 'to frost a cake'
文法句型
frost + [cake/cupcake/cookie] + with + [icing type]
用法筆記
This is the standard term in American English. In British English, the equivalent is 'to ice a cake' (verb) or 'icing' (noun). The noun form 'frosting' is only used in American English; British English calls it 'icing'.
常見錯誤
3. to change the colour of selected thin strands of hair to a lighter shade using c
挑染
將部分頭髮染成較淺的顏色
to change the colour of selected thin strands of hair to a lighter shade using chemicals, creating a mixed-colour effect that looks like natural highlights
Eshe decided to frost her hair for the summer, adding fine blonde streaks to her dark locks.
Eshe 決定夏天去挑染頭髮，在深色髮絲上加上細細的金色條紋。
The stylist suggested frosting a few strands around Tamar's face to brighten her look.
設計師建議在 Tamar 的臉龐周圍挑染幾縷頭髮，讓她的造型更亮眼。
common phrase: frost strands / frosting around the face
Stefan's hair was frosted with silver-grey streaks that made his curly hair look more defined.
Stefan 的頭髮挑染了銀灰色條紋，讓他的捲髮看起來更有層次感。
Ife frosted her hair with a store-bought kit, but wished she had gone to a salon.
Ife 用超市買的染髮組挑染頭髮，但希望自己去了美容院做。
文法句型
frost + [possessive] + hair
have + [hair] + frosted
frosted + [colour] + highlights
用法筆記
This technique was especially popular in the 1990s and early 2000s. Today, 'highlights' or 'balayage' are more common terms in salons. 'Frosted' when describing hair can also refer to a natural grey or silver look in older people.
常見錯誤
4. to treat a glass surface with acid or sand so that its smooth finish becomes rou
磨砂
將玻璃表面加工成不透光的粗糙質感
to treat a glass surface with acid or sand so that its smooth finish becomes rough and lets light through without being see-through
The bathroom window was frosted for privacy while letting in natural light.
浴室的窗戶做了磨砂處理，保有隱私同時讓自然光透進來。
passive: [surface] is frosted for privacy
Emre chose frosted glass panels for the office meeting room to create a semi-private workspace.
Emre 選擇用磨砂玻璃板當作會議室的隔間，打造一個半開放的辦公空間。
common modifier: frosted glass
The glass shower door had been frosted with a decorative pattern of bamboo leaves.
玻璃淋浴門上磨砂處理出竹子圖案的裝飾花紋。
A frosted glass lampshade gives a softer, warmer glow than a clear one.
磨砂玻璃燈罩散發出的光線比透明燈罩更柔和溫暖。
- etch
to create a design on glass using acid, which can result in a frosted effect on the patterned areas
文法句型
frost + [glass/surface]
frosted + [noun] as adjective
用法筆記
The past participle 'frosted' is by far the most common form and is used as an adjective before nouns: 'frosted glass', 'frosted window', 'frosted finish'. The active verb form 'to frost glass' is rare and mostly technical.
常見錯誤
5. to harm or kill plants and crops by exposing them to cold weather that turns the
凍傷
因低溫結冰而傷害植物
to harm or kill plants and crops by exposing them to cold weather that turns the moisture inside their leaves or fruits into ice
The early winter freeze frosted the farmer's strawberry fields beyond recovery.
初冬的嚴寒把農夫的草莓田凍傷到無法復原的地步。
subject: cold weather / freeze; object: crops
Hassan's rose bushes were frosted by the sudden cold snap in late November.
Hassan 的玫瑰叢在十一月底被突然的寒流給凍傷了。
passive: plants were frosted by [cold weather]
A late spring frost frosted the cherry blossoms, so no fruit grew that year.
一場晚春的霜害凍傷了櫻花，那年完全沒有結出果實。
The young tomato plants were frosted before Hiro could cover them with sheets.
Hiro 還來不及蓋住番茄苗，那些幼苗就被凍傷了。
The basil plants that Indra left on her balcony were frosted by the overnight freeze.
Indra 留在陽台上的羅勒被夜間的低溫給凍傷了。
文法句型
[cold/weather] + frosts + [plant/crop]
[plant] + is/was frosted
[plant] + frosts (intransitive, rare)
用法筆記
Distinguish from 'freeze' (verb sense 5): 'frost' as a verb specifically means damage from cold, while 'freeze' focuses on the water turning to ice. 'Frosted' plants often turn black or brown and become limp.