holmes
holmes — 名詞
1. the name of an American physician, poet, and essayist (1809–1894) who taught med
霍姆斯（父）
美國醫師、詩人與散文家
the name of an American physician, poet, and essayist (1809–1894) who taught medicine at Harvard and wrote popular poems and essays, including 'The Chambered Nautilus' and 'The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table'.
Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote poems and essays that were widely read in the 1800s.
Oliver Wendell Holmes 創作的詩歌與散文在十九世紀廣為流傳。
proper noun: Holmes as historical author
As a Harvard professor, Dr. Holmes argued that doctors should wash their hands between patients.
身為哈佛大學教授，Holmes 醫生主張醫師應在不同病人之間洗手。
collocation: argued that + medical practice
Holmes helped start The Atlantic Monthly magazine in 1857 and wrote for it for many years.
Holmes 在 1857 年協助創辦了《大西洋月刊》，並長期為其撰稿。
Holmes wrote 'Old Ironsides,' a poem that saved a historic navy ship from being taken apart.
Holmes 創作了詩作〈老鐵甲號〉，挽救了一艘歷史戰艦免於被拆解的命運。
- Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
formal distinction from his son, used in academic writing
- Dr. Holmes
informal shorthand when medical context is clear
用法筆記
When referring to the father, context usually includes his medical and literary work. Use 'Oliver Wendell Holmes' without 'Jr.' to distinguish from his son.
常見錯誤
2. the name of an American jurist (1841–1935) who served on the United States Supre
霍姆斯（子）
美國最高法院大法官
the name of an American jurist (1841–1935) who served on the United States Supreme Court for thirty years and whose opinions on free speech, contract law, and the common law remain highly influential.
Justice Holmes wrote that falsely shouting 'fire' in a crowded theatre is not protected speech.
大法官 Holmes 主張，在擁擠的戲院裡假裝喊「失火」並不受言論自由保障。
key legal opinion: clear-and-present-danger test
Law students still read the Supreme Court opinions written by Justice Holmes.
法學院學生至今仍研讀 Holmes 大法官撰寫的最高法院判決意見書。
In his book on common law, Holmes explained that rules grow from daily life, not theory.
Holmes 在其普通法著作中說明，法律規則源於日常生活，而非理論。
Holmes believed that the best test of truth is the free exchange of ideas in public debate.
Holmes 認為，檢驗真理的最佳方式就是讓各種觀點在公共討論中自由交流。
- Justice Holmes
standard reference in Supreme Court and legal contexts
- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
full formal name with 'Jr.' to distinguish from his father
用法筆記
Commonly identified by 'Justice Holmes' or 'Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.' in legal writing. Distinguish from sense 1 (the father) by the 'Jr.' suffix and by references to the Supreme Court or legal doctrine.