justification
justification — 名詞
1. a reason, explanation, or excuse that someone offers to show why an action, beli
理由；辯解
為行為或信念提供的合理說明
a reason, explanation, or excuse that someone offers to show why an action, belief, or decision is right or acceptable
Rachel offered no justification for arriving late to the staff meeting.
Rachel 沒有為會議遲到提出任何理由。
offer + justification + for + gerund
There is no moral justification for treating people unfairly, no matter the situation.
無論情況如何，都沒有任何道德理由可以不公平地對待他人。
collocation: moral justification
Arjun's only justification was that the instructions had been unclear.
Arjun 唯一的理由是說明書寫得不夠清楚。
The manager demanded a written justification for every expense over fifty dollars.
經理要求每筆超過五十美元的開銷都要有書面理由。
A weak justification can sometimes do more harm than no explanation at all.
一個薄弱的理由有時比完全不解釋傷害更大。
- reason
more general; does not carry the defensive nuance of 'justification'
- explanation
neutral; may not imply that the action needed defending
- excuse
often implies the reason is weak or apologetic; more informal
- rationale
more formal; focuses on logical principles behind a decision
文法句型
justification + for + noun/gerund
justification + of + noun
justification + that-clause
用法筆記
Commonly followed by the preposition 'for' (justification for [something]) or 'of' (justification of [a decision]). The that-clause form (justification that…) is more formal.
常見錯誤
2. the act of showing or proving that an action, decision, or belief is reasonable,
辯護；正當化
證明某行為合理或正確的過程
the act of showing or proving that an action, decision, or belief is reasonable, necessary, or correct
The report provides a detailed justification for the proposed budget cuts.
這份報告為所提的預算削減提供了詳細的辯護。
provide + [adj] + justification + for + noun
In justification of his actions, Hiro pointed to the company's written safety rules.
Hiro 為了替自己的行為辯護，指出了公司的書面安全規範。
in justification of + noun
The scientist's findings served as a scientific justification for the new treatment.
科學家的研究結果為這種新療法提供了科學上的正當證明。
The lawyer spent the morning preparing a formal justification of her client's position.
律師花了一整個上午準備正式為當事人立場辯護的書面文件。
Valentina wrote a long letter in justification of her decision to leave the project.
Valentina 寫了一封長信，為她退出專案的決定辯護。
- defense
can imply a more vigorous or oppositional stance; common in legal contexts
- vindication
stronger; implies that the action was proven correct after doubt
文法句型
in justification of + noun
provide + justification + for + noun
用法筆記
Often appears in the fixed phrase 'in justification of' + noun. Unlike sense 1, this sense is uncountable and refers to the process rather than a specific reason. Common with verbs like 'provide', 'offer', and 'serve as'.
常見錯誤
3. a fact, condition, or set of circumstances that makes an action or decision reas
事實依據
使某行為合理或必要的事實或情況
a fact, condition, or set of circumstances that makes an action or decision reasonable or necessary
The storm provided sufficient justification for closing the school early.
暴風雨為學校提早放學提供了充足的正當理由。
sufficient justification + for + gerund
Without strong justification, the judge dismissed the request for a new trial.
在缺乏充分依據的情況下，法官駁回了重新審理的請求。
without + [adj] + justification
The rising crime rate was the justification for hiring additional police officers.
犯罪率上升正是聘請更多警員的事實依據。
Economic data gave the committee justification to raise interest rates.
經濟數據為委員會調升利率提供了依據。
There is clear justification for the government's emergency measures during the flood.
政府在洪水期間採取緊急措施有明確的正當理由。
文法句型
justification + for + noun/gerund
justification + to-infinitive
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 (REASON GIVEN): sense 1 focuses on the reason a person states or offers, while this sense refers to the objective factual basis that warrants an action. Subject is often an event, statistic, or factual condition.