morgan
morgan — 名詞
1. a unit used in genetics to measure how far apart two genes sit on the same chrom
圖距單位
基因圖譜上衡量染色體交換率的單位
a unit used in genetics to measure how far apart two genes sit on the same chromosome, based on how often they separate when chromosomes swap segments during cell division — one morgan equals 100% recombination frequency.
When Lara mapped the fruit-fly genes, she found two markers about 0.5 morgan apart on the chromosome.
Lara 在繪製果蠅基因圖譜時，發現有兩個標記在染色體上相距約 0.5 個圖距單位。
quantitative expression: [number] morgan apart
Hiro's genetics report showed that the gene pair had a recombination frequency close to one full morgan.
Hiro 的遺傳學報告顯示，那個基因對的重組頻率接近一個完整的圖距單位。
recombination frequency; scientific context
Dr. Ravindra calculated that the two fly genes were only 0.3 morgans apart on the same chromosome.
Ravindra 博士計算出那兩個果蠅基因在同一條染色體上僅相距 0.3 個圖距單位。
Because one morgan is so large, geneticists write map distances in centimorgans, each equal to one-hundredth of a morgan.
由於一個圖距單位很大，遺傳學家通常以釐圖距單位來書寫基因圖譜距離，每個釐圖距單位等於百分之一個圖距單位。
Élise told the class that two genes positioned one morgan apart are inherited independently about half the time.
Élise 告訴全班同學，相距一個圖距單位的兩個基因大約有一半的機率是獨立遺傳的。
- centimorgan
the practical subunit; 1 cM = 0.01 morgan
用法筆記
Almost never used in everyday genetics work — researchers nearly always refer to the smaller centimorgan (cM). A single morgan equals 100 centimorgans.
2. John Pierpont Morgan (1837–1913), a powerful American banker and financier who h
J.P.摩根
19世紀末至20世紀初美國著名銀行家
John Pierpont Morgan (1837–1913), a powerful American banker and financier who helped reorganise major US railroads and founded the financial firm that bears his name, known for personally rescuing the US economy during the Panic of 1907.
In 1901, J.P. Morgan helped create the United States Steel Corporation, the world's first billion-dollar company.
1901 年，J.P. Morgan 協助創立了美國鋼鐵公司，這是全球第一家資產達十億美元的企業。
creation of US Steel; corporate finance
During the Panic of 1907, Morgan summoned the city's top bankers to his library to arrange emergency funding for failing banks.
在 1907 年恐慌期間，Morgan 召集了城中頂尖的銀行家到他的圖書館，為瀕臨倒閉的銀行安排緊急資金。
The Morgan Library in New York City holds J.P. Morgan's rare books and manuscripts collection.
紐約市的摩根圖書館收藏了 J.P. Morgan 的大量珍本和手稿。
J.P. Morgan's power over American finance was so great that he seemed like a one-man central bank.
J.P. Morgan 對美國金融的影響力之大，彷彿是一個人撐起了中央銀行的角色。
Many historians describe J.P. Morgan as the most influential figure in American finance during the Gilded Age.
許多歷史學家將 J.P. Morgan 形容為鍍金時代美國金融界最具影響力的人物。
- John Pierpont Morgan
full formal name, used in biographical references
用法筆記
J.P. Morgan (1837–1913) is the father of J.P. Morgan Jr. (1867–1943). In modern writing, 'J.P. Morgan' alone almost always refers to the father unless the context specifies 'Jr.' The financial firm JPMorgan Chase is named after him.
常見錯誤
3. a medium-sized, sturdy horse breed that was developed in New England from a sing
摩根馬
原產於美國佛蒙特州的強健馬種
a medium-sized, sturdy horse breed that was developed in New England from a single foundation stallion named Figure, valued for its gentle nature, endurance, and ability to work under saddle or in harness.
The Morgan is often chosen for trail riding because of its calm disposition and sure-footedness.
摩根馬常被選來從事越野騎乘，因為其性情沉穩且步伐穩健。
Morgan as breed name with definite article
Evelyn competed in the dressage event riding a handsome chestnut Morgan stallion.
Evelyn 騎著一匹漂亮的栗色摩根公馬參加馬場馬術比賽。
Many small farms in Vermont still raise Morgans for pulling carriages and working cattle.
佛蒙特州許多小型農場仍飼養摩根馬來拉馬車和牧牛。
On the camping trip, Takeshi's well-trained Morgan carried him over rough mountain trails for hours without tiring.
在露營旅行中，Takeshi 那匹訓練有素的摩根馬載著他在崎嶇的山徑上奔馳了數小時而不疲憊。
In 1961, Vermont named the Morgan its official state animal, honoring the breed's long history in the region.
1961 年，佛蒙特州將摩根馬指定為官方州代表動物，以表彰該品種在當地的悠久歷史。
用法筆記
When referring to the breed as a whole, use 'the Morgan' (singular with definite article). For individual horses, use 'a Morgan' or 'Morgans' (plural). The breed name is always capitalised.
4. John Pierpont Morgan Jr. (1867–1943), the son of financier J.P. Morgan, who took
小摩根
J.P. 摩根之子，繼承父業的銀行家
John Pierpont Morgan Jr. (1867–1943), the son of financier J.P. Morgan, who took over the family banking business after his father's death and led it through World War I and the Great Depression.
J.P. Morgan Jr. took control of the banking house after his father passed away in 1913.
J.P. Morgan Jr. 在父親於 1913 年去世後接管了家族銀行業務。
succession; generational transition
During World War I, Morgan Jr. arranged huge loans for Britain and France through his bank.
第一次世界大戰期間，小摩根透過他的銀行為英國和法國安排了巨額貸款。
Unlike his father, J.P. Morgan Jr. spent much of his time managing the family's art collection.
與父親不同，J.P. Morgan Jr. 花了許多時間管理家族的藝術收藏。
In 1933, J.P. Morgan Jr. testified before Congress about the role of large banks in causing the Great Depression.
1933 年，J.P. Morgan Jr. 在國會作證，說明大銀行在大蕭條形成過程中所扮演的角色。
- Jack Morgan
informal nickname used by family and close associates
用法筆記
To distinguish father from son in writing, use 'J.P. Morgan Jr.' or 'the younger Morgan' on first reference. After that, the context of the era makes clear which is meant.
5. Sir Henry Morgan (1635–1688), a Welsh privateer and later Lieutenant Governor of
亨利·摩根
17世紀橫行加勒比海的英國私掠船長
Sir Henry Morgan (1635–1688), a Welsh privateer and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica who led raids against Spanish settlements in the Caribbean during the 1660s and 1670s.
Henry Morgan led a fleet of privateer ships to capture Panama City from the Spanish in 1671.
Henry Morgan 率領一支私掠船隊在 1671 年從西班牙人手中攻佔了巴拿馬城。
privateer raid on Panama City
After his raids, Morgan was knighted by King Charles II and appointed to govern Jamaica.
在掠奪行動之後，Morgan 獲國王查理二世封爵，並被任命為牙買加總督。
The rum brand bearing Morgan's name has made him famous far beyond Caribbean history books.
以 Morgan 之名命名的蘭姆酒品牌讓他的名聲遠播至加勒比海歷史書籍之外。
Historians disagree about whether Henry Morgan was a brutal pirate or a legitimate English naval commander.
歷史學家對於 Henry Morgan 究竟是殘暴海盜還是合法的英國海軍指揮官意見分歧。
用法筆記
Sir Henry Morgan is routinely called 'Henry Morgan' in both popular and academic writing. The knighthood title 'Sir' is used only in formal references.
6. Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945), an American geneticist who won the Nobel Prize i
T.H.摩根
證明基因位於染色體的美國遺傳學家
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945), an American geneticist who won the Nobel Prize in 1933 for discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity through experiments on fruit flies.
Thomas Hunt Morgan's fruit-fly experiments proved that genes are carried on chromosomes.
Thomas Hunt Morgan 的果蠅實驗證明了基因是位於染色體上的。
core discovery: genes on chromosomes
Morgan bred thousands of generations of Drosophila in his laboratory at Columbia University.
Morgan 在哥倫比亞大學的實驗室裡培育了數千代的果蠅。
Thomas Hunt Morgan found a white-eyed mutation in a single fruit fly in 1910, opening the field of modern genetics.
Thomas Hunt Morgan 在 1910 年於一隻果蠅身上發現白眼突變，開啟了現代遺傳學的大門。
In 1933, Thomas Hunt Morgan won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery that chromosomes carry hereditary information.
1933 年，Thomas Hunt Morgan 因發現染色體攜帶遺傳訊息而獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。
Morgan's students, such as Alfred Sturtevant and Calvin Bridges, went on to establish genetics programs at universities around the world.
Morgan 的學生，如 Alfred Sturtevant 和 Calvin Bridges，後來在世界各地的大學建立了遺傳學研究計畫。
- T.H. Morgan
standard abbreviated name used in academic writing
用法筆記
Thomas Hunt Morgan is the namesake of the 'morgan' unit used in genetic mapping. He is sometimes called 'T.H. Morgan' in academic citations.
7. William Wilson Morgan (1906–1994), an American astronomer who developed the MK s
W.W.摩根
創立恆星光譜 MK 分類法的美國天文學家
William Wilson Morgan (1906–1994), an American astronomer who developed the MK spectral classification system for stars and helped map the spiral structure of the Milky Way galaxy.
William Wilson Morgan created the Morgan–Keenan system that astronomers still use to classify stars by their spectra.
William Wilson Morgan 創立了天文學家至今仍在使用來對恆星光譜進行分類的摩根–基納系統。
MK spectral classification system
Morgan's maps of the Milky Way revealed that its spiral arms are dotted with bright young stars.
Morgan 繪製的銀河系地圖顯示，銀河的旋臂中散布著明亮的年輕恆星。
The Morgan–Keenan luminosity classes that Morgan helped define are taught in every introductory astronomy course.
Morgan 協助定義的摩根–基納光度分類是所有基礎天文學課程都會教授的內容。
Morgan worked at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin for most of his long career.
Morgan 在威斯康辛州的耶基斯天文台度過了他職業生涯的大部分時間。
- W.W. Morgan
standard abbreviated name in astronomy publications
用法筆記
In astronomy literature, 'W.W. Morgan' is standard. His MK classification system remains the global standard for stellar spectral typing.
8. John Hunt Morgan (1825–1864), a Confederate cavalry officer during the American
約翰·摩根
美國內戰期間的南方邦聯騎兵軍官
John Hunt Morgan (1825–1864), a Confederate cavalry officer during the American Civil War who led a famous raid through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio in 1863.
John Hunt Morgan led over two thousand cavalrymen on a raid that covered a thousand miles.
John Hunt Morgan 率領兩千多名騎兵進行了一場長達一千英里的突襲。
Morgan's Raid — scale and distance
Morgan's cavalry destroyed Union supply depots and railroad bridges during the summer of 1863.
Morgan 的騎兵部隊在 1863 年夏季摧毀了聯邦軍隊的補給倉庫和鐵路橋樑。
After being captured, John Hunt Morgan escaped from the Ohio State Penitentiary and returned to fighting.
被捕之後，John Hunt Morgan 從俄亥俄州立監獄逃脫並重返戰場。
Today, roadside markers along the route of Morgan's Raid help tourists trace the cavalry's path through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio.
如今，沿著 Morgan 突襲路線設置的路邊標誌牌幫助遊客追溯這支騎兵穿越肯塔基州、印第安納州和俄亥俄州的路線。
用法筆記
His 1863 campaign is almost always called 'Morgan's Raid' in Civil War literature. The name 'Morgan' alone may cause confusion with other historical figures of the same surname.