retardation
retardation — 名詞
1. the condition of developing or happening at a slower rate than is normal or expe
遲緩
發展或成長速度慢於正常
the condition of developing or happening at a slower rate than is normal or expected
Hari's construction project suffered a retardation when the building materials did not arrive on time.
Hari 的建築工程因為建材沒有按時送達而進度遲緩。
Early treatment helped reduce the retardation of Layla's physical development caused by the rare condition.
早期治療有助於減緩 Layla 因罕見疾病而導致的身體發育遲緩。
pattern: retardation + of + noun phrase
Economic retardation in the coastal region was blamed on poor roads and weak foreign investment.
該沿海地區的經濟遲緩被歸咎於道路狀況不佳和外資薄弱。
Gabriela's research focused on the factors that cause growth retardation in young plants.
Gabriela 的研究重點在於造成年輕植株生長遲緩的因素。
The drought caused growth retardation in the maize crop across Caleb's village, cutting the harvest by half.
乾旱導致 Caleb 村莊的玉米作物出現生長遲緩，收成減少了一半。
- delay
broader term for any instance of being late or postponed; less formal than 'retardation'
- slowdown
focuses on a reduction in speed or rate, often used in economic or production contexts
- deceleration
more technical, often used in physics or transport contexts to describe a reduction in velocity
- acceleration
increase in speed or rate of progress
- advancement
forward movement or improvement, the opposite of being held back
文法句型
retardation + in + noun phrase
retardation + of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Often appears in compound phrases such as "growth retardation" or "economic retardation." Not used for short, everyday delays — for those, use "delay."
常見錯誤
2. an outdated medical label for a condition where a person has much lower than usu
舊稱智障
智力顯著低於常人的舊有用語，今稱智能障礙
an outdated medical label for a condition where a person has much lower than usual intellectual ability, now called an intellectual disability
The 1970s medical file used the word retardation for a condition now called intellectual disability.
這份一九七○年代的病歷使用 retardation 一詞來描述現在稱為智能障礙的狀況。
historical clinical term contrasted with modern term
Mayumi found the word retardation in old medical reports from Taiwan and Japan from the 1960s.
Mayumi 在臺灣與日本一九六○年代的舊病歷中發現了 retardation 這個詞。
The old textbook called intellectual disability mental retardation, a term that has since been replaced.
那本舊教科書將智能障礙稱為 mental retardation，這個詞後來已被取代。
Élise studied the hospital's 1970s records; every file labelled mental retardation had nearly identical results.
Élise 查閱醫院一九七○年代的紀錄，發現每份標示 mental retardation 的病歷結果幾乎完全相同。
Eitan read in a medical journal that European hospitals stopped using retardation by the late 1990s.
Eitan 在一本醫學期刊中讀到，歐洲各醫院在一九九○年代末期已停用 retardation 一詞。
- intellectual disability
the modern, respectful term for this condition; preferred in all current clinical and educational contexts
- cognitive impairment
broader term that includes various types and degrees of reduced cognitive function
- developmental disability
umbrella term covering intellectual disabilities and other conditions that begin during development
文法句型
mental retardation (historical compound)
retardation as a standalone clinical label
用法筆記
This sense is now considered outdated and potentially offensive. In modern professional and educational settings, use 'intellectual disability' instead. The term was commonly used in medical records and legislation from the early 1900s through the late 20th century.