sanction

sanction — 名詞

1. an official measure taken by one or more countries to limit trade, financial dea

1.名詞B2
釋義

制裁

針對違反國際法的國家採取的貿易或經濟限制

an official measure taken by one or more countries to limit trade, financial dealings, or diplomatic relations with another nation, usually to force it to obey international law

例句

The UN imposed sanctions on the nation after it refused to halt its weapons program.

聯合國在該國拒絕停止武器計畫後，對其實施了制裁。

collocation: impose sanctions on [country]

Several nations agreed to lift sanctions after the government allowed aid into the region.

幾個國家同意在該政府允許援助進入該地區後解除制裁。

同義詞
  • embargo

    narrower — specifically a ban on trade in certain goods, not the full range of financial/diplomatic measures

  • restriction

    more general; not limited to international law enforcement

反義詞
  • aid

    financial or material assistance, opposite of punitive restriction

文法句型

impose sanctions on [country]

lift/ease sanctions on [country]

用法筆記

Frequently used with impose, lift, ease, or tighten. Subject is typically a government, international body (UN, EU), or coalition of countries. The plural sanctions is the standard form in this sense.

常見錯誤

❌The US made sanction on Iran.
✅The US imposed sanctions on Iran.
💡sanction is rarely used as a singular count noun in this international sense; the plural form sanctions is standard.

2. a penalty or coercive action that authorities apply to individuals or groups who

2.名詞B2
釋義

懲罰

為執行法規而實施的強制措施或懲罰

a penalty or coercive action that authorities apply to individuals or groups who break a legal or institutional rule

例句

The school's disciplinary committee established sanctions for students who cheat during final exams.

學校的紀律委員會制定了針對期末考試作弊學生的處罰措施。

Under the new law, companies face severe financial sanctions if they violate environmental regulations.

根據新法，違反環保法規的企業將面臨嚴重的財務處罰。

collocation: face financial sanctions

同義詞
  • penalty

    more general; a penalty can be automatic (late fee), whereas a sanction implies an authority actively imposing it

  • punishment

    broader; can refer to personal or physical consequences, not just institutional ones

反義詞
  • reward

    positive incentive rather than negative consequence

文法句型

impose a sanction on [person/organization]

face sanctions for [offence]

用法筆記

Common collocations include face sanctions, impose sanctions on, under sanction. Distinguish from sense 1: this sense applies to domestic law, institutions, and organizations, not international relations.

3. formal or official permission given for an action, plan, or change to proceed

3.名詞C1
釋義

認可

正式的許可或同意

formal or official permission given for an action, plan, or change to proceed

例句

The board of directors gave its sanction to the merger after months of careful review.

董事會在數月的仔細審查後批准了這項合併案。

collocation: give (one's) sanction to [something]

The treaty requires the sanction of all member states before it can take effect.

該條約需要所有成員國的批准才能生效。

同義詞
  • approval

    less formal and broader; can be given informally or by individuals

  • authorization

    focuses on permission to act rather than agreement with the action

  • ratification

    more specific — making something officially valid after it has been agreed

反義詞
  • veto

    official rejection or refusal to allow

文法句型

give (one's) sanction to [something]

with/without the sanction of [authority]

用法筆記

More formal than approval. Frequently used in legal, governmental, or institutional contexts. Verb counterpart is the approve sense of sanction (verb sense 1). Distinguish from noun sense 2 by looking at the object: if something is 'given sanction' (approval) vs. 'subjected to sanctions' (punishment).

常見錯誤

❌My boss gave his sanction to my holiday request.
✅My boss approved my holiday request.
💡sanction in the approval sense is too formal for routine personal matters; use approve or give permission.

sanction — 動詞