sanitation
sanitation — 名詞
1. the pipes, drains, and treatment plants that carry human waste and dirty water a
衛生設施
排放汙水與廢棄物的管線系統
the pipes, drains, and treatment plants that carry human waste and dirty water away from homes and buildings to protect public health
After the earthquake, the city's sanitation system broke down, forcing families to use unsafe water.
地震過後，該市的衛生設施系統受損，迫使居民只能使用不乾淨的水。
collocation: sanitation system
The health agency sent soap and sanitation supplies to the flood-affected villages last week.
衛生機構上週將肥皂和衛生用品送到了那些遭受水災的村莊。
collocation: sanitation supplies
Poor sanitation in schools can cause children to miss classes because of stomach illnesses.
學校衛生設施不佳可能導致學生因腸胃疾病而缺課。
Megan's neighbourhood finally got proper sanitation after years of waiting for new pipes.
Megan 住的社區等了多年，終於有了新的水管和完善的衛生設施。
Without basic sanitation, diseases spread quickly through crowded refugee camps.
缺乏基本的衛生設施時，疾病會在擁擠的難民營中迅速蔓延。
- sewage system
narrower — specifically refers to pipes that carry human waste, not the full treatment process
- waste management
broader — includes collection, transport, and disposal of all types of waste, not just sewage
用法筆記
Frequently modified by adjectives like 'poor', 'basic', 'proper', and 'inadequate'. This sense refers to the physical infrastructure, not the act of cleaning.
常見錯誤
2. the act of cleaning something thoroughly to destroy germs, often by using heat,
消毒；殺菌
消除細菌以達到衛生的過程
the act of cleaning something thoroughly to destroy germs, often by using heat, chemicals, or other sterilizing methods
Imran wears gloves when handling cleaning chemicals during the sanitation of the kitchen equipment.
Imran 在廚房設備進行消毒時會戴手套處理清潔化學藥劑。
sanitation of + noun for the cleaning process
Proper sanitation of surgical tools is essential before every operation in the hospital.
手術工具的徹底消毒在醫院每次手術前都是必不可少的。
The restaurant stayed closed until Linh completed the sanitation of every surface.
那家餐廳暫停營業，直到 Linh 完成所有檯面的消毒作業。
Food sanitation standards require that all cutting boards be washed with hot, soapy water.
食品衛生標準要求所有砧板都必須用熱肥皂水清洗。
- sterilization
stronger — means killing ALL germs, while sanitation may reduce germs to a safe level
- disinfection
similar but typically uses chemical agents rather than heat or physical methods
- cleaning
more general — may not involve germ-killing at all
用法筆記
Common in medical, food-service, and industrial contexts. Often paired with 'of' followed by the object being sanitized (e.g., 'sanitation of equipment').
常見錯誤
3. the overall cleanliness of a place, achieved through the regular removal of wast
環境衛生
維持清潔與預防疾病的狀態
the overall cleanliness of a place, achieved through the regular removal of waste and efforts to keep people healthy
Tariq reported that poor sanitation in the market was attracting rats and causing health concerns.
Tariq 報告指出，市場的環境衛生太差，引來老鼠並引發健康問題。
collocation: poor sanitation
The aid group works to improve sanitation in communities that lack clean water and toilets.
該援助組織致力於改善缺乏乾淨用水和廁所之社區的環境衛生。
Soraya noticed that sanitation at the camp improved after the new drainage was built.
Soraya 注意到，新的排水系統建好之後，營區的環境衛生有所改善。
Improving basic sanitation is one of the fastest ways to reduce child deaths from diarrhoea.
改善基本的環境衛生是降低兒童腹瀉死亡率最有效的方法之一。
- hygiene
broader — includes personal cleanliness habits, not just environmental conditions
- cleanliness
more general — may not imply germ-free conditions or disease prevention
- contamination
the state of being polluted or carrying harmful substances
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1: this sense describes the resulting condition (clean environment), not the pipes and machinery that create it. Frequently used with 'improve', 'lack of', and 'poor'.