supra
supra — 副詞
1. a formal word used mainly in legal and academic writing to tell a reader to look
參前；見上文
指示讀者參閱前文的正式用語
a formal word used mainly in legal and academic writing to tell a reader to look at an earlier part of the same text where the point was first made or explained.
The court treated the precedent at supra paragraphs 14–18 as binding on the current case.
法院認為 supra 第 14–18 段的判例對本案具有約束力。
at supra + section reference — formal cross-reference
For a full discussion of this method, the reader should see supra, Chapter 3.
關於此方法的完整討論，讀者可參閱 supra 第三章。
see supra [chapter] — common reading instruction
The definition given supra in Section 2 applies throughout this document.
上文第二節所給的定義適用於本文件全文。
Professor Astrid Chen's argument, discussed supra, shapes the analysis in Part Two.
Astrid 教授在前文討論過的論點，影響了第二部份的分析。
Any term defined supra carries the same meaning in the clauses that follow.
前文所定義的任何用語，在後續條款中均具有相同含義。
- above
more common in everyday English; 'supra' is specifically a formal cross-reference marker rather than a general spatial term
- earlier
broader and less technical; 'supra' carries an explicit instruction to the reader to locate a referenced passage
- previously
adverb of time rather than textual location; 'supra' is always spatial within a document
- infra
Latin term used in the same formal context to direct the reader to a later part of the text
用法筆記
This sense is restricted to formal legal, academic, and technical writing. It appears as a parenthetical or footnote cross-reference and is almost never used in spoken conversation or informal texts. It is often paired with 'infra' (meaning 'see below') as a directional pair.
常見錯誤
supra — 字首
1. added to the front of a noun or adjective to mean 'over,' 'above,' or 'beyond' a
上；超
表示「在上」或「超越」的前綴
added to the front of a noun or adjective to mean 'over,' 'above,' or 'beyond' a certain level, position, or area — for example, supranational (above national borders) or supraorbital (above the eye socket).
The European Union is a supranational body whose rules apply across all member countries.
歐盟是一個超國家組織，其規範適用於所有成員國。
supranational — beyond national boundaries
Dr. Tuan spotted a hairline fracture along the patient's supraorbital ridge on the X-ray.
Tuan 醫師在病人的眼眶上脊發現一條細微裂縫。
The new trade deal creates a supranational court to settle disagreements between the two regions.
這項新貿易協議設立了一個超國家法院，用以解決兩地區之間的爭端。
Environmental groups want a supranational agreement to limit carbon emissions across the planet.
環保團體呼籲訂立一項超國家協議，以限制全球的碳排放量。
The biology textbook described the area above the eye socket as the supraorbital region.
生物教科書將眼眶上方的區域描述為眼眶上區。
- super-
more common and broader in meaning; 'super-' appears in everyday words (supermarket, superpower) while 'supra-' is limited to formal and technical contexts
- ultra-
emphasizes extremity ('beyond the ordinary') rather than spatial or hierarchical position; e.g. ultraviolet
- hyper-
conveys excess or exaggeration (hyperactive, hypertension) rather than position
文法句型
supra- + noun/adjective
用法筆記
This prefix attaches to nouns and adjectives but not to verbs. The most common learner-relevant formation is 'supranational.' In anatomy, 'supra-' joins with body-part terms (supraorbital, supraspinal, suprasternal). Do not confuse with the prefix 'super-', which is far more common in everyday English and carries a broader range of meanings.