whereby
whereby — 副詞
1. used to indicate the method, system, or process by which something is made possi
藉此；憑此
指方法、系統或過程
used to indicate the method, system, or process by which something is made possible or achieved.
Bao invented a filing system whereby documents are sorted by colour rather than date.
Bao 發明了一套歸檔系統，藉此文件可按顏色而非日期分類。
noun + whereby + clause (system/process pattern)
The college runs a programme whereby first-year students are paired with a senior mentor.
該學院推出了一項計畫，藉此一年級學生可與一位高年級導師配對。
noun + whereby + clause (programme/arrangement pattern)
A new voting method was introduced whereby each member casts their ballot electronically.
他們導入了一種新的投票方式，憑此每位成員皆以電子方式投票。
Jabari set up an online portal whereby customers can track their orders at any time.
Jabari 建立了一個線上入口，藉此客戶可隨時查詢訂單狀態。
- by which
less formal and more common in everyday writing; 'whereby' is one compact word
- through which
suggests the means or channel rather than the method itself
- by means of which
even more formal and slightly longer
文法句型
noun + whereby + clause
用法筆記
Frequently follows nouns such as 'system', 'method', 'process', 'scheme', or 'programme'. Cannot replace 'by which' in questions — it is a relative adverb only.
常見錯誤
2. used to describe the particular situation, arrangement, or set of circumstances
在此情況下
指處境、安排或協議
used to describe the particular situation, arrangement, or set of circumstances in which something happens or exists.
The neighbours reached an arrangement whereby they share the cost of the garden fence.
鄰居們達成了一個安排，在此情況下雙方分擔花園圍籬的費用。
arrangement whereby + clause
The two companies signed a deal whereby Mira's firm handles all overseas distribution.
兩家公司簽署了一項協議，在此情況下 Mira 的公司負責所有海外經銷業務。
deal whereby + clause
Isabela faced a position whereby she had to choose between her career and her family.
Isabela 面臨了一個處境，在此情況下她不得不在事業與家庭之間做選擇。
Christopher and his cousin made a pact whereby they would launch a food truck after graduation.
Christopher 和他的表弟達成了一個約定，在此情況下他們畢業後要一起開一輛餐車。
- in which
the neutral, everyday alternative to 'whereby' in this sense
- under which
common for agreements, rules, or conditions
- where
informal alternative; 'a situation where' is very common in speech
文法句型
noun + whereby + clause
用法筆記
Commonly follows nouns like 'situation', 'arrangement', 'agreement', 'deal', 'position', or 'relationship'. The focus is on the context or circumstances rather than the method.
常見錯誤
whereby — 連接詞
1. introduces a clause that states the terms, conditions, or principles on which an
依據其；藉此
指合約、法規的條款
introduces a clause that states the terms, conditions, or principles on which an agreement, rule, or formal arrangement is based.
The lease includes a clause whereby the tenant gives three months' notice before leaving.
租約中包含一項條款，依據其承租人須於搬出前三個月提出通知。
clause whereby + stipulation
Yara signed a contract with Stefan whereby she provides design services for two years.
Yara 與 Stefan 簽署了一份合約，依據其 Yara 在未來兩年內提供設計服務。
contract whereby + provision
The organisation has a rule whereby no member chairs for more than three years.
該組織有一項規則，依據其任何成員擔任主席不得超過三年。
The scholarship sets out criteria whereby students qualify for full tuition support.
獎學金訂定了審核標準，依據其學生可獲得全額學費補助。
- by which
less formal; works for most contexts
- under which
common in legal texts for conditions and rules
- pursuant to which
very formal, almost exclusively legal
文法句型
whereby + clause (introduces a stipulation or provision)
用法筆記
Distinguish from the adverb senses: as a conjunction, 'whereby' introduces a clause that states the specific terms or content of the preceding noun — it answers 'what are the terms?' rather than 'how?' or 'in what situation?'. Most common in legal, contractual, and regulatory writing.