written
written — 動詞
1. the form of the verb 'write' that is used together with 'has', 'have', or 'had'
已寫
表示寫作動作已完成的分詞形式
the form of the verb 'write' that is used together with 'has', 'have', or 'had' to talk about a completed action of putting words on paper, or together with a form of 'be' to describe something produced by writing.
By the time the teacher arrived, Élise had written three full paragraphs.
老師到的時候，Élise 已經寫了滿滿三段內容。
past perfect: had + written + object
The letter was written in careful handwriting by a young student.
那封信是由一位年輕學生用細心工整的字跡寫成的。
passive: be written [by + agent]
Have you ever written a poem and shown it to someone else?
你曾經寫過一首詩並拿給別人看嗎？
Ilan had never written a speech before the conference began.
Ilan 在會議開始前從未寫過演講稿。
All the application forms must be written in blue or black ink.
所有申請表都必須用藍色或黑色墨水填寫。
文法句型
have/has/had + written
be + written
用法筆記
Distinguish 'written' (past participle) from 'wrote' (simple past). Use 'written' after auxiliary verbs: 'has written', 'had written', 'was written'. Use 'wrote' alone for a finished action in the past without an auxiliary: 'She wrote the letter yesterday.'
常見錯誤
written — 形容詞
1. put into the form of words on paper or a screen, rather than spoken; involving r
書面
以書面形式表達的，非口頭的
put into the form of words on paper or a screen, rather than spoken; involving reading and writing skills rather than oral or practical ones.
Minh prefers written instructions over spoken directions when learning new software.
Minh 在學習新軟體時更偏好書面指示而非口頭說明。
collocation: written instructions
The school sent a written warning to parents about the upcoming holiday.
學校針對即將到來的假期發出了書面通知給家長。
collocation: written warning
A written agreement between the two companies was signed last Friday.
兩家公司之間的書面協議已於上週五簽署。
Salma failed the written exam even though she passed the practical test.
Salma 雖然通過了實作測驗，但筆試卻沒過關。
Some ancient cultures had rich spoken stories but no written language at all.
有些古老文化擁有豐富的口傳故事，卻完全沒有書面語言。
- in writing
phrase used after the verb ('put it in writing') rather than before a noun
- documented
stronger formality, implies official record-keeping
- recorded
broader — can mean audio, video, or written capture
文法句型
written + noun
用法筆記
The adjective 'written' appears almost always before a noun (attributive position). It commonly contrasts with 'spoken' or 'oral': a 'written test' involves reading and writing whereas a 'spoken test' involves talking. Unlike the verb participle, this sense does NOT refer to the act of writing itself.