bureaucracy

bureaucracy — 名詞

1. the network of offices and officials that runs a government or large organizatio

1.名詞C2
釋義

官僚體制

程序繁瑣的行政體系

the network of offices and officials that runs a government or large organization through fixed steps, paperwork, and clear ranks, often making simple matters slow and complicated.

例句

The hospital's bureaucracy kept Leila waiting three months for a wheelchair.

醫院的官僚體制讓 Leila 等了三個月才拿到輪椅。

possessive pattern: the hospital's bureaucracy

City bureaucracy made Bao get five stamps before opening the shop.

市府的官僚體制讓 Bao 開店前得先蓋五個章。

bureaucracy + made + object + verb

同義詞
  • administration

    more neutral; can simply mean the way an organization is managed

  • red tape

    focuses on annoying rules and paperwork rather than the whole structure

  • officialdom

    formal and critical; stresses officials as a group

  • civil service

    usually means government employees themselves, especially in one country

文法句型

bureaucracy of + organization

layers of bureaucracy

用法筆記

Usually modified by the place or institution involved, as in government bureaucracy, city bureaucracy, or university bureaucracy. Often carries a negative tone and appears with verbs such as cut through, reduce, complain about, or get stuck in.

常見錯誤

❌The bureaucracy sent me the email yesterday.
✅A clerk in the bureaucracy sent me the email yesterday.
💡bureaucracy usually names the whole system, not one individual worker.