circulation
circulation — 名詞
1. the way in which news, ideas, money, or products move through a community or soc
流通
資訊、貨幣或商品在人群中傳遞
the way in which news, ideas, money, or products move through a community or society, reaching many different people or places.
The new fifty-dollar note entered circulation at banks across Taiwan last week.
上週這張新的五十元鈔票已在台灣各地的銀行開始流通。
enter circulation — start being used by the public
Priya was surprised to learn that her photograph had entered circulation on several websites.
Priya 驚訝地發現她的照片已經在多個網站上流通。
Old coins that are no longer in circulation can be quite valuable to collectors.
不再流通的舊硬幣對收藏家來說可能相當有價值。
The central bank put two million new notes into circulation before Lunar New Year.
中央銀行在農曆新年前將兩百萬張新鈔投入流通。
False information about the storm achieved rapid circulation across social media platforms.
關於風災的不實資訊在社群媒體平台上迅速流通。
- spread
less structured and can apply to physical things like disease; circulation implies movement through a network
- transmission
focuses on the act of passing from a sender to a receiver, often for signals or data
- dissemination
more formal and deliberate, emphasising active scattering of information to a wide audience
- withdrawal
the removal of something from circulation, especially money or official documents
- stagnation
lack of movement or flow, the opposite of active circulation
用法筆記
Frequently used in fixed phrases: in circulation, out of circulation, put into circulation, and withdraw from circulation. The subject or object is typically money, news, information, or goods. Out of circulation can also refer metaphorically to a person who is not currently socialising.
常見錯誤
2. the count of issues of a periodical that readers buy, usually expressed per day,
發行量
報紙或雜誌的銷售數量
the count of issues of a periodical that readers buy, usually expressed per day, week, or month.
The fashion magazine has a monthly circulation of around 150,000 copies in Japan.
這本時尚雜誌在日本每月的發行量約為十五萬份。
has a circulation of [number] — expressing sales figures
Local newspapers have seen their circulation fall sharply since digital news became popular.
自數位新聞普及以來，地方報紙的發行量已大幅下滑。
circulation falls/declines — downward trend in readership
The editor was proud that the paper's daily circulation grew by twenty percent last year.
主編很自豪該報的每日發行量在去年成長了百分之二十。
Advertisers always check the circulation figures before they decide where to place their ads.
廣告主在決定刊登位置之前，一定會先查看發行量數據。
- readership
broader term that includes people who borrow or share copies, not just those who buy
- sales
focuses on the commercial transaction rather than the social reach
用法筆記
Usually used with a number or figure, often in the construction 'has a circulation of + number'. Commonly modified by 'daily', 'weekly', or 'monthly'. Not used for electronic-only publications — online readership is usually called 'unique visitors' or 'page views'.
常見錯誤
3. the movement by which the heart pumps blood through veins and arteries so that e
血液循環
血液在心臟和血管中流動的過程
the movement by which the heart pumps blood through veins and arteries so that every organ in the body receives the oxygen and fuel it needs.
Regular exercise improves blood circulation and helps keep the heart strong.
規律運動可以改善血液循環，並幫助心臟保持強健。
improve circulation — make blood flow better
The doctor checked Hana's circulation by feeling the pulse in her wrist.
醫生透過觸摸 Hana 手腕上的脈搏來檢查她的血液循環。
check (someone's) circulation — medical examination
People with poor circulation often feel cold in their hands and feet during winter.
血液循環不良的人在冬天常感覺手腳冰冷。
A gentle massage can stimulate circulation in sore muscles after a long run.
長跑後在酸痛的肌肉上輕輕按摩可以促進血液循環。
- blood flow
more specific about the movement of blood as a stream, used in exercise and physiology contexts
用法筆記
Often modified by 'poor', 'good', 'healthy', or 'improved'. Although 'blood circulation' is common, the word 'circulation' alone implies blood when the context is medical. The circulatory system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.