costing
costing — 名詞
1. a worked-out figure showing how much money a future product, project, or activit
成本估算
對未來花費的詳細估價
a worked-out figure showing how much money a future product, project, or activity is expected to require.
Rafael prepared a detailed costing for the new bakery before approaching the bank.
Rafael 在去找銀行之前，先為新麵包店做了一份詳細的成本估算。
common verb pattern: prepare a costing
The architect sent over the costing for the kitchen renovation by Friday afternoon.
建築師週五下午把廚房翻修的成本估算寄了過來。
costing + for + project
Without a clear costing, the council refused to approve the new playground proposal.
由於缺乏明確的成本估算，市議會拒絕通過新遊樂場的提案。
Putri ran the numbers three times and produced a fresh costing for the school trip.
Putri 算了三次數字，重新做出校外教學的成本估算。
文法句型
a costing for / on something
do / prepare a costing
用法筆記
Often appears in business and project-management contexts. Subject is usually a planner, accountant, or supplier; object is usually a future product, project, or service. Distinguish from sense 2: this is a calculated estimate that someone produces; sense 2 is the price tag itself.
常見錯誤
2. the amount of money that has to be handed over so you can buy or use something;
價格；售價
購買時實際要支付的金額
the amount of money that has to be handed over so you can buy or use something; the price.
Talia was shocked by the costing of fresh fruit at the seaside market.
Talia 對海邊市場新鮮水果的價格感到非常吃驚。
the costing of + noun
The farmers complained that the costing of fertiliser had doubled in two years.
農民抱怨肥料的價格在兩年內翻了一倍。
costing of + tracked commodity
Apinya checked the costing of every item before paying at the supermarket counter.
Apinya 在超市結帳前先確認每樣商品的價格。
Higher fuel charges pushed up the overall costing of the family holiday by a third.
燃料漲價讓全家旅行的整體費用多了三分之一。
文法句型
the costing of something
用法筆記
Sounds slightly formal or old-fashioned; in everyday speech 'price' or 'cost' is far more common. Often paired with 'of' plus a thing being bought. Distinguish from sense 1: this is the amount actually paid or charged; sense 1 is a planner's calculation of an unpaid future amount.
常見錯誤
3. the amount of energy, time, or personal sacrifice that someone gives up in order
代價；付出
為達成目標所投入的心血或犧牲
the amount of energy, time, or personal sacrifice that someone gives up in order to reach a goal.
Diya understood the costing of years away from family when she chose this career.
Diya 選擇這份事業時，明白自己要付出多年離家的代價。
the costing of + abstract noun (years/effort)
Olympic medals carry a heavy costing of training, injury, and lonely mornings on the track.
奧運獎牌背後是訓練、傷痛、操場上孤獨清晨的沉重代價。
costing of + plural sacrifices
The young soldier felt the full costing of duty after his second long deployment abroad.
第二次長期駐外回來後，那位年輕士兵深深體會到責任的代價。
Tariro spoke openly about the costing of stardom on her health and friendships.
Tariro 坦白談到成名對她健康與友情所付出的代價。
- reward
the positive return that follows the effort
文法句型
the costing of effort / time / sacrifice
用法筆記
Appears mostly in reflective, literary, or motivational writing — speeches, biographies, opinion pieces. Almost always followed by 'of' plus an abstract idea (effort, time, sacrifice). Distinguish from sense 4: this is what you actively give; sense 4 is what you suffer or lose as a result.
常見錯誤
4. the harm, loss, or punishment that someone has to accept when they manage to gai
代價；損失
為換取某物所承受的損害
the harm, loss, or punishment that someone has to accept when they manage to gain something else.
The army won the city, but at a costing of thousands of wounded soldiers.
軍隊雖然攻下了城市，卻以數千名士兵負傷為代價。
at a costing of + loss
Felix accepted the promotion at the painful costing of his weekends with his children.
Felix 接下了那個升遷，代價是他與孩子們的週末時光。
costing of + thing lost
The whistleblower exposed the fraud, knowing the costing in friendships and reputation.
那位吹哨者揭發了詐欺案，心知此舉會讓她失去友情與名聲。
Rania saved the village from flooding at a heavy personal costing of her own farmland.
Rania 救下村莊免於水患，卻以失去自家農地為沉重的個人代價。
- price
common in 'pay the price for something'
- penalty
stresses imposed punishment, not voluntary loss
- casualties
specifically the human losses in a conflict
- gain
what is won rather than lost
文法句型
a costing of [loss]
at a heavy costing
用法筆記
Common in reflective writing about war, ambition, ethics, or hard choices. Often follows the phrase 'at a costing of' or 'at the costing of'. Distinguish from sense 3: this sense is the negative consequence absorbed in the trade-off; sense 3 is the active effort or sacrifice put in.