hardship
hardship — 名詞
1. a condition of severe difficulty in life, especially when you lack money, food,
艱難；困苦
生活極度困難、缺乏基本所需的狀況
a condition of severe difficulty in life, especially when you lack money, food, or other necessities that most people depend on
The family faced great hardship after the factory closed and wages stopped.
工廠關閉後薪水斷了，這家人面臨了極大的困難。
collocation: face / endure hardship
Mizuki's family endured many hardships during the years of war and displacement.
戰爭與流離失所的年代裡，Mizuki 一家人忍受了許多艱辛。
hardship as countable noun (many hardships)
Many people in the region live in hardship, with little clean water or medical care.
該地區許多人生活困苦，幾乎沒有乾淨的水源或醫療資源。
Tamar saw the hardship in her grandmother's eyes when she spoke of the past.
當祖母談起往事時，Tamar 從她的眼神中看到了艱苦歲月的痕跡。
The new policy was designed to reduce economic hardship for retired workers.
這項新政策旨在減輕退休勞工的經濟困難。
- adversity
more formal; emphasises a difficult situation that opposes or works against you; often used in literary or formal contexts
- difficulty
more general and less severe; covers any challenge or problem, from minor to serious
- deprivation
specifically focuses on the lack of basic necessities such as food, shelter, or medical care
- suffering
emphasises the physical or emotional pain that results from hardship
- comfort
a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or worry
- prosperity
the state of being successful and having enough money and good living conditions
文法句型
hardship + of + noun phrase
hardship + for + person/group
用法筆記
Frequently uncountable when referring to the general condition (e.g. "a life of hardship"), but countable when listing specific difficulties (e.g. "the hardships of war"). Often used in formal or serious contexts rather than for everyday minor problems.