notwithstanding
notwithstanding — 介系詞
1. used to say that something happens or remains true even when a particular fact o
儘管；雖有
表示不受某事影響，仍舊發生
used to say that something happens or remains true even when a particular fact or situation might lead you to think otherwise
Notwithstanding the heavy rain, Mark continued his morning run along the river.
儘管下著大雨，Mark 仍沿著河邊繼續晨跑。
notwithstanding + noun phrase at start of sentence
The board approved the merger, notwithstanding strong objections from several shareholders.
儘管幾位股東強烈反對，董事會仍批准了合併案。
notwithstanding + noun phrase after main clause
Notwithstanding her lack of experience, Charlotte was offered the position of head nurse.
Charlotte 儘管缺乏經驗，仍獲得了護理長一職。
Adina accepted the invitation notwithstanding the fact that she barely knew the host.
Adina 接受了邀請，儘管她幾乎不認識主人。
The old bridge remained open for traffic, notwithstanding warnings from the engineering team.
儘管工程團隊提出警告，這座舊橋仍開放車輛通行。
- despite
less formal; more common in everyday speech
- in spite of
same meaning and formality level as 'despite'
- regardless of
emphasises that the obstacle is ignored or does not matter
文法句型
notwithstanding + noun phrase
notwithstanding + the fact that
用法筆記
More formal than 'despite' or 'in spite of'. Can appear either before or after the noun phrase it governs.
常見錯誤
notwithstanding — 副詞
1. used after stating one fact to show that a different, often opposite fact is als
然而
表示轉折，與前述情況相反
used after stating one fact to show that a different, often opposite fact is also true; meaning nevertheless or however
The hotel was expensive and poorly located. Notwithstanding, Esteban loved the weekend trip.
那間旅館又貴位置又差。然而，Esteban 很喜歡那趟週末旅行。
sentence-initial notwithstanding contrasting prior statement
Camila knew the exam would be extremely difficult. She decided to try notwithstanding.
Camila 知道考試會非常困難。她還是決定試一試。
end-of-sentence notwithstanding
The critics panned the film. The movie was, notwithstanding, a commercial success.
影評人對這部電影評價很差。不過，這部片仍舊是票房成功之作。
Tara had almost no formal training in finance. The company hired her notwithstanding.
Tara 幾乎沒受過正式的金融訓練。那間公司仍然錄用了她。
- nevertheless
equally formal; more common in written English
- however
less formal; very common in both speech and writing
- nonetheless
same level of formality; emphasises contrast more strongly
文法句型
[contrasting statement] + [new sentence beginning with] + Notwithstanding
...notwithstanding... (mid-sentence, between commas)
...notwithstanding (end of sentence)
用法筆記
Unlike most adverbs, 'notwithstanding' can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. The most common position is at the start of the second sentence.
常見錯誤
notwithstanding — 連接詞
1. used to introduce a clause that presents a fact that seems to disagree with or b
雖然
引導讓步子句，表示對比
used to introduce a clause that presents a fact that seems to disagree with or balance the main statement in the sentence
Notwithstanding that the flight was delayed by three hours, the Watanabe family arrived in time for the wedding.
雖然航班延誤了三小時，渡邊一家人仍及時趕上了婚禮。
notwithstanding that + clause at start of sentence
Yan decided to buy the apartment, notwithstanding that it was much smaller than she had hoped.
Yan 決定買下那間公寓，雖然它比她原先期望的小得多。
notwithstanding that + clause after main clause
Notwithstanding that the company had lost several major clients, the CEO remained confident about the future.
雖然公司流失了好幾個大客戶，執行長對未來仍充滿信心。
Lotte agreed to manage the project, notwithstanding that she was already handling three other assignments.
Lotte 同意管理這個專案，雖然她手上已經有三個其他任務。
- although
much more common; suitable for both formal and informal contexts
- even though
emphasises the surprising nature of the contrast; neutral register
文法句型
notwithstanding that + clause
用法筆記
Always followed by 'that' to introduce a clause. This construction is very formal and used mainly in legal or official documents. In everyday English, 'although' or 'even though' are preferred.