collaboration

collaboration — 名詞

1. a situation where several people join forces to create something or reach a shar

1.名詞C1
釋義

合作；協作

共同合作達成目標

a situation where several people join forces to create something or reach a shared objective, each bringing their own abilities to the task

例句

The collaboration between Ravi's lab and Dr. Okafor's team led to a major medical discovery.

Ravi 的實驗室與 Okafor 博士團隊之間的合作帶來了一項重大的醫學發現。

collocation: collaboration between [two parties]

Close collaboration among the three departments helped the hospital respond faster during the crisis.

三個部門之間的密切協作幫助醫院在危機期間更快做出應對。

同義詞
  • cooperation

    more general; implies helping or not hindering rather than actively creating something together

  • partnership

    suggests a formal, long-term arrangement between organizations or individuals

  • teamwork

    focuses on how well a group works collectively, often within the same organization

  • joint effort

    emphasizes that the work is shared, often for a single specific task

反義詞

文法句型

collaboration between [two or more parties]

collaboration with [someone/something]

collaboration on [a project/task]

用法筆記

Commonly paired with prepositions between, with, and on. In its uncountable form, it describes the general activity; in its countable form (a collaboration), it refers to a specific working partnership or joint project.

常見錯誤

❌My department had a strong collaboration with the IT team for technical support.
✅My department had strong cooperation with the IT team for technical support.
💡cooperation means working helpfully alongside each other, while collaboration means actively working together on a shared goal.

2. a finished product made through joint effort, such as a book, film, song, or res

2.名詞B2
釋義

合作作品

多人共同創作的成果

a finished product made through joint effort, such as a book, film, song, or research study that involves more than one person or organization

例句

This photography book is a collaboration between Amara and a team of nature writers.

這本攝影集是 Amara 與一群自然作家的合作作品。

countable: a collaboration between [people]

The film was a rare collaboration between two famous directors from different countries.

這部電影是兩位來自不同國家的知名導演難得的合作作品。

同義詞
  • joint work

    slightly more formal; used for academic or professional contexts

  • co-production

    specifically used for films, TV shows, or media projects produced by multiple companies

  • co-creation

    emphasizes the creative aspect; common in design, art, and innovation

反義詞
  • solo work

    a creative work produced by one person alone

文法句型

a collaboration between [A] and [B]

a collaboration with [someone]

[adjective] collaboration between [people/groups]

用法筆記

Always countable. The focus is on the finished product rather than the process of working together. Often modified by an adjective (a unique collaboration, a landmark collaboration) or a descriptive noun (a film collaboration, a musical collaboration).

常見錯誤

❌That painting is a collaboration by an artist who worked alone.
✅That painting is a collaboration between two French artists from the 19th century.
💡a collaboration must involve more than one person creating it together.

3. cooperating with a hostile force that has taken over your country, viewed as a b

3.名詞C1
釋義

通敵

與佔領國家的敵人合作

cooperating with a hostile force that has taken over your country, viewed as a betrayal rather than a neutral partnership

例句

During the war, anyone suspected of collaboration with the enemy faced severe punishment.

戰爭期間，任何涉嫌通敵的人都面臨嚴厲的懲罰。

collocation: collaboration with the enemy

The general was tried for collaboration after the occupying forces left the region.

佔領軍撤離該地區後，這位將軍因通敵而受審。

passive: tried for collaboration

同義詞
  • treason

    broader legal term for betraying one's country; collaboration is a specific form of treason

  • collaborationism

    a more formal, academic term for the same idea; less common in everyday use

  • collusion

    secret cooperation, often for dishonest purposes; broader than the wartime sense

反義詞
  • resistance

    fighting or refusing to cooperate with an occupying enemy

  • patriotism

    loyal support for one's country, especially during a conflict

文法句型

collaboration with [an enemy / occupying force]

suspected of collaboration

accused of collaboration

用法筆記

Always uncountable and carries a strong negative moral judgment. This sense is specific to historical or political contexts involving wartime occupation. Do not use this sense to describe ordinary business or creative partnerships.

常見錯誤

❌The CEO was accused of collaboration with a rival company.' (using the treason sense in a business context)
✅The CEO was accused of working too closely with a rival company.
💡the negative sense of collaboration is reserved for military occupation, not business competition.