foul
foul — 形容詞
1. having a very bad smell, taste, or general quality that makes people feel sick o
難聞；惡劣
形容氣味、味道或天氣非常糟糕
having a very bad smell, taste, or general quality that makes people feel sick or want to avoid it.
The milk in the fridge gave off a foul smell after sitting for days.
冰箱裡的牛奶放了幾天後，發出一股難聞的氣味。
foul smell — very bad odor
After the storm, the basement filled with foul water that smelled like rotten eggs.
暴風雨過後，地下室積滿了聞起來像臭雞蛋的惡臭積水。
The water from the old pipe had a foul taste, so Minh bought bottled water.
舊水管流出來的水有股難喝的味道，Minh 只好去買瓶裝水。
A foul odor from the rubbish bins made the neighbours close all their windows.
垃圾桶傳來惡臭，鄰居們只好把所有的窗戶都關上。
The weather turned foul, with heavy rain and strong winds keeping everyone indoors.
天氣變得非常惡劣，大雨和強風讓每個人都只能待在室內。
- disgusting
more common in everyday speech, same intensity
- nasty
slightly less strong, often used for tastes and smells
- revolting
stronger, suggests physical sickness
- putrid
specifically describes rotting organic matter
用法筆記
Commonly used with nouns describing sensory experiences such as 'smell', 'taste', 'odour', and 'weather'.
常見錯誤
2. containing rude, obscene, or socially unacceptable words and expressions that ar
粗鄙；下流
言語粗魯、充滿髒話或冒犯用語
containing rude, obscene, or socially unacceptable words and expressions that are likely to offend people.
The coach used foul language when arguing with the referee and received a warning.
教練對裁判說髒話，結果收到了警告。
foul language — rude, swearing words
Ava told her little brother not to repeat the foul words he heard on television.
Ava 告訴弟弟不要重複他在電視上聽到的髒話。
Film-makers were told that the foul language in their movie was too strong for a general audience.
電影製作人被告知，他們的電影因為髒話太多不適合一般觀眾。
Talia was shocked by the foul remarks made during the meeting by her colleague.
Talia 對同事在會議上說的那些下流話感到非常震驚。
Anya complained to the hotel manager about the foul language coming from the room next door.
Anya 向飯店經理抱怨，隔壁房間傳來陣陣髒話。
用法筆記
Usually placed before nouns such as 'language', 'speech', 'mouth', 'words', or 'remarks'. Not used to describe visual obscenity (use 'obscene' or 'indecent' instead).
常見錯誤
3. describing an action in a sport that the official rules do not allow and that us
犯規的
違反體育比賽規則的動作
describing an action in a sport that the official rules do not allow and that usually results in a penalty for the player or team.
The basketball player received a foul warning after pushing his opponent to the ground.
那位籃球選手因為推倒對手而收到犯規警告。
foul (adj.) — describing an illegal move in sports
A foul throw in soccer gives the other team a free kick from that spot.
足球比賽中犯規的擲界外球會讓對方獲得自由球。
Karim was sent off after a foul tackle that hurt the other player's ankle.
Karim 因為一次犯規鏟球弄傷了對方的腳踝而被罰下場。
The referee called a charging foul when the basketball player slammed into the defender.
裁判在籃球選手撞上防守球員時，吹判了一次帶球撞人犯規。
Sari was warned that repeated foul play could get her banned from the tournament.
Sari 收到警告，如果一再出現犯規行為，可能被禁止參賽。
用法筆記
In sports contexts, 'foul' can be both an adjective (a foul tackle) and a noun (he committed a foul). The adjective form describes the nature of the action itself.
4. wrong according to moral rules, especially because it involves dishonest, cruel,
邪惡；敗德
違反道德標準、涉及欺騙或殘忍行為
wrong according to moral rules, especially because it involves dishonest, cruel, or harmful actions that most people would consider bad.
The company used foul means to steal trade secrets from its competitor.
那家公司用骯髒的手段竊取了對手的商業機密。
foul means — dishonest methods
Many people consider cheating the elderly out of their savings a foul act.
很多人認為欺騙老人儲蓄是不道德的行為。
The mayor's foul dealings with property developers were uncovered by a local journalist.
市長與房地產開發商之間的骯髒交易被一名當地記者揭露了。
Eli believed that lying to the court was a foul betrayal of his duty.
Eli 認為在法庭上說謊是對他職責的邪惡背叛。
The charity was shut down after investigators discovered its foul practices.
調查人員發現該慈善機構的不法行為後，將其關閉了。
- virtuous
opposite in moral character
- honourable
opposite in conduct and principles
用法筆記
More formal and literary than other senses of 'foul'. Often appears in fixed phrases such as 'by fair means or foul' (idiom) and 'foul deed'. Less common in everyday conversation; 'evil' or 'corrupt' are more frequent alternatives.
常見錯誤
foul — 名詞
1. an action in a sporting contest that breaks the official regulations and gives t
犯規
違反比賽規則的動作
an action in a sporting contest that breaks the official regulations and gives the other team or player a penalty or advantage.
The defender committed a foul by grabbing the attacker's shirt in the penalty area.
後衛在禁區內抓住攻擊者的球衣，犯下了一次犯規。
commit a foul — break the rules of a sport
Mizuki received her second foul of the match and had to sit on the bench.
Mizuki 在比賽中領到了個人第二次犯規，只好坐在板凳上。
In basketball, a player who gets five personal fouls must leave the game.
在籃球比賽中，累計五次個人犯規的球員必須離場。
Heloísa protested loudly when the referee missed the foul on her teammate near the corner flag.
Heloísa 大聲抗議，因為裁判沒看到對手對她隊友的犯規，而且犯規地點就在角球旗附近。
Tariro earned a free kick after being stopped by a foul near the goal.
Tariro 在球門附近被犯規阻擋，獲得了一次自由球機會。
- infringement
more formal, used in official rulebooks
- violation
broader term, used in any rule-based context
- penalty
sometimes the punishment itself rather than the action
用法筆記
Frequently paired with 'commit' (commit a foul). In team sports, different numbers of fouls trigger different penalties — common information useful for learners watching or playing sports.
常見錯誤
2. a ball in baseball struck by the batter that lands outside the two white lines m
界外球
棒球中被擊出場外的球
a ball in baseball struck by the batter that lands outside the two white lines marking the side edges of the playing field.
The batter hit a foul that flew into the crowd behind third base.
打者擊出一記界外球，飛到三壘後方的觀眾席裡。
hit a foul — baseball term for a ball hit out of play
Andrew swung hard but sent the ball into foul territory on the right.
Andrew 用力揮棒，但球飛到了右側的界外區。
The umpire shouted 'foul' as soon as the ball crossed the line near the stands.
球一越過觀眾席附近的界線，裁判就喊了「界外」。
Chen hit three fouls in a row before finally getting a strike.
Chen 連續打出了三個界外球，然後才被三振。
Fans in the front row reached out their hands hoping to catch a foul.
前排的球迷伸出手來，希望能接到一顆界外球。
用法筆記
Primarily used in American baseball contexts. In baseball statistics, fouls do not count as strikes unless the ball was bunted foul with two strikes already. The noun 'foul' here is short for 'foul ball'.
foul — 動詞
1. to violate a sport's regulations through illegal physical contact with or blocki
違例
在運動比賽中違反規則
to violate a sport's regulations through illegal physical contact with or blocking of an opposing player.
The defender fouled the attacker as he ran towards the goal, stopping the play.
防守球員在攻擊者朝球門跑去時對他犯規，中斷了進攻。
foul (v.) + opponent — illegally make contact with another player
Christopher fouled the shooter going up for the basket and gave away two free throws.
Christopher 在對手跳投時對他犯規，給了對方兩次罰球。
Mert was given a yellow card after he fouled the striker for the second time in the match.
Mert 在比賽中第二次對前鋒犯規後，被裁判出示了黃牌。
Adisa jumped for the header but was careful not to foul the defender beneath him.
Adisa 跳起來頂球，但很小心不讓自己對下方的後衛犯規。
The goalkeeper fouled the striker inside the box, resulting in a penalty kick.
守門員在禁區內對前鋒犯規，導致對方獲得一次罰球機會。
文法句型
foul + noun (opponent)
foul without object
用法筆記
Can be used transitively (foul someone) or intransitively (he fouled). In broadcast sports commentary, the passive form is also common: 'he was fouled'.
常見錯誤
2. to make something dirty, polluted, or no longer clean, especially by adding harm
弄髒；污染
使東西變髒、受污染
to make something dirty, polluted, or no longer clean, especially by adding harmful or unpleasant substances.
The factory's waste pipes fouled the river that ran through the village.
工廠的廢水管污染了流經村莊的河流。
foul (v.) + river — pollute a body of water
Oil spills from ships continue to foul beaches along the coast every year.
船隻洩漏的石油每年持續污染沿海的海灘。
The dog fouled the new carpet, and the family had to call a cleaning service.
狗弄髒了新地毯，全家人只好找清潔公司來處理。
Chemical waste from the mine fouled the groundwater that local farmers relied on.
礦場的化學廢料污染了當地農民依賴的地下水。
Élise was upset when the muddy boots fouled her freshly washed kitchen floor.
Élise 很難過，因為泥濘的靴子弄髒了她剛洗好的廚房地板。
- soil
less strong, often means slightly dirty
- pollute
more formal, specifically about harmful substances in the environment
- contaminate
formal, implies making unsafe by adding harmful material
- stain
leaves a visible mark rather than general dirtiness
文法句型
foul + noun (place/thing)
be fouled by + noun
用法筆記
Also used figuratively to mean 'spoil or ruin' an experience or reputation (e.g. 'the scandal fouled his good name'). However, the literal sense of making physically dirty is more common.
常見錯誤
3. in the sport of baseball, to send the ball past the two lines that mark the side
擊出界外球
棒球中將球擊出界線外
in the sport of baseball, to send the ball past the two lines that mark the side edges of the field.
The batter fouled the first pitch straight back into the screen behind home plate.
打者把第一球擊成界外球，球直接飛回本壘後方的擋網。
foul (v.) + ball — hit the ball outside the playing area in baseball
Dylan tried for a home run but fouled the ball to left field.
Dylan 想打出全壘打，但把球擊到了左外野的界外區。
Rivera fouled off three pitches in a row to stay in the at-bat.
Rivera 連續打出三個界外球，繼續留在打擊區。
Mark swung and fouled, sending the ball into the stands near the dugout.
Mark 揮棒擊出界外球，球飛到了休息區附近的觀眾席。
文法句型
foul + ball (transitive)
foul (intransitive)
用法筆記
Commonly used with 'off' as a phrasal verb ('foul off') meaning to hit pitches foul deliberately to avoid striking out. Only relevant in baseball contexts, which is primarily an American sport.
foul — 副詞
1. in a dishonest, unfair, or rule-breaking manner; used mainly in sports and compe
違規；不公
以不公平或違反規則的方式
in a dishonest, unfair, or rule-breaking manner; used mainly in sports and competition contexts.
The team accused their rivals of playing foul during the championship match.
該球隊指控對手在冠軍賽中打得很不規矩。
play foul — act in an unfair or rule-breaking way
The opposition claimed the election had been played foul, so the committee ordered a new vote.
反對黨聲稱這次選舉遭到違規操作，委員會因此下令重新投票。
played foul — adverb collocation meaning done unfairly or dishonestly
Mark said the organizers had acted foul by excluding him from the final event.
Mark 說主辦單位手段惡劣，把他排除在決賽之外。
The tennis player was warned for acting foul when he shouted at the line judge.
那名網球選手因為對線審大吼大叫，被警告行為不當。
- unfairly
the standard adverb, much more common than 'foul'
- dishonestly
focuses on deception rather than rules
- fairly
opposite of rule-abiding conduct
用法筆記
The adverb 'foul' is much less common than the adjective. It appears mostly in set phrases like 'play foul' or 'run foul'. The form 'foully' exists but is very rare and literary.