render
render — 動詞
1. to make someone or something become a particular way, especially when the change
使成爲；致使
使某人或某物變成某種狀態
to make someone or something become a particular way, especially when the change is strong or sudden; often used in formal or written English to describe the effect of an event, action, or condition.
The massive earthquake rendered thousands of families homeless overnight.
那場大地震使數千個家庭一夜之間無家可歸。
render + object + adjective
Years of poor maintenance had rendered the old bridge unsafe for vehicles.
多年缺乏維修已使那座舊橋無法安全通行。
render + object + adjective (cause)
Hao's sudden illness rendered him unable to attend the graduation ceremony.
Hao 突然生病，使他無法參加畢業典禮。
The new software update rendered my old computer completely useless.
新的軟體更新讓我的舊電腦完全無法使用。
Heavy snowfall rendered the mountain roads impassable for three days.
連日的大雪使得山路三天都無法通行。
- make
everyday equivalent; less formal than 'render'
- leave
focuses on the resulting state after something happens; 'leave someone speechless'
- cause to become
more literal and longer; used in explanations
- preserve
to keep something in its existing state rather than changing it
文法句型
render + object + adjective
render + object + noun phrase
用法筆記
Frequently used in formal and written English rather than in casual speech. In everyday conversation, 'make' is far more common. The pattern is render + noun/pronoun + adjective (e.g., 'render it impossible'), not render + that-clause. Often appears in the passive voice: 'was rendered helpless'.
常見錯誤
2. to take words originally written or spoken in one language and rewrite them in a
翻譯；表達
將文字轉換成另一種語言或形式
to take words originally written or spoken in one language and rewrite them in a second language; also refers to representing an idea through an alternative medium, like translating a story into a film.
The poem has been rendered into English by several different translators.
這首詩已經由幾位不同的譯者翻譯成英文。
passive: render + into + language
The Japanese term 'wabi-sabi' is difficult to render in a single English word.
日語詞彙「侘寂」很難用單一個英文詞來表達。
render + in + language/medium
Piotr's job involves rendering technical manuals from Polish into German.
Piotr 的工作是將技術手冊從波蘭文翻譯成德文。
The Japanese folktale was rendered as an animated film that captivated audiences worldwide.
這則日本民間故事被改編成動畫電影，吸引了全球觀眾。
The artist rendered scenes from the ancient myth in a series of charcoal drawings.
那位藝術家用一系列炭筆畫呈現了古神話中的場景。
文法句型
render + object + into/as + language
用法筆記
This sense is the most literary of the translation-related uses. For everyday translation, 'translate' is the usual word. 'Render' is preferred when the translation requires interpretation or artistry, or when the output is in a different medium (e.g., book to film). Distinguish from sense 1 (CAUSE TO BECOME): here the object is language or artistic content, not a person or thing being changed.
常見錯誤
3. to give help, a service, an opinion, a judgment, or a performance to someone; to
提供；給予
提供服務、意見、判決或演出
to give help, a service, an opinion, a judgment, or a performance to someone; to provide something that is expected, required, or officially due.
The charity has rendered valuable assistance to more than two thousand families.
該慈善機構已為超過兩千個家庭提供了寶貴的援助。
render + assistance + to + recipient
After hearing both sides, the judge rendered a verdict of not guilty.
聽取雙方陳述後，法官作出了無罪的判決。
render + a verdict/judgment (legal context)
Walid asked the committee to render a final decision by Friday.
Walid 要求委員會在星期五之前做出最終決定。
The embassy rendered urgent consular assistance to the stranded travellers.
大使館為受困的旅客提供了緊急領事援助。
Noa rendered a public apology for the mistake made by the team.
Noa 為團隊的失誤公開道歉。
- withhold
to deliberately not give something that is expected or due
文法句型
render + something
render + something + to + someone
render + someone + a service
用法筆記
This sense covers a wide range of objects: services, assistance, opinions, decisions, verdicts, performances, and apologies. The object determines the sub-meaning. Common in legal contexts ('render a verdict'), formal service contexts ('render aid'), and performance contexts ('render a song'). In casual speech, 'give' or 'provide' is more natural. The double-object structure ('render someone a service') is possible but less common than 'render a service to someone'.
常見錯誤
4. to apply an initial coating of cement, plaster, or stucco onto an exterior or in
抹底灰；粉刷
在牆壁上塗抹第一層水泥或灰泥
to apply an initial coating of cement, plaster, or stucco onto an exterior or interior wall surface, preparing it for painting or decoration.
The builders rendered the exterior walls with a cement mixture before painting.
建築工人先用水泥混合物塗抹外牆，再進行粉刷。
render + surface + with + material
The old cottage has been newly rendered with a lime-based plaster on all sides, giving it a clean finish.
那間老舊的小屋四面都重新抹上了石灰底灰，外觀煥然一新。
passive: rendered with + material (plastering process)
Ravindra learned to render stone walls during his apprenticeship with a local builder.
Ravindra 在當地師傅那裡當學徒時學會了砌石牆抹灰。
A damp-proof layer was added before the wall was rendered inside and out.
在牆壁內外抹灰之前，先加了一層防潮層。
文法句型
render + wall/surface + with/in + material
用法筆記
A specialized construction term, most common in British English. The noun form (the render) also exists for the coating itself. In American English, 'stucco' or 'plaster' is more commonly used as the verb. The noun form 'rendering' is also used for the coating layer.
常見錯誤
render — 名詞
1. a payment or service that a feudal tenant was required to give to a lord in retu
進貢；地租
封建制度下佃農向領主繳納的實物或勞役
a payment or service that a feudal tenant was required to give to a lord in return for the right to use land, typically in the form of goods, crops, or labour.
Under the feudal system, each tenant paid render to the lord at harvest time.
在封建制度下，每個佃農都要在收成時向領主繳納地租。
The ancient records list annual renders of grain, firewood, and poultry.
古老的記錄列出了每年以穀物、柴火和家禽支付的地租。
render + of + goods (historical accounting)
Failure to deliver the required render could result in the loss of land.
未能繳納所需的進貢可能導致失去土地。
The new lord demanded a larger render from every family in the village.
新的領主向村裡每個家庭要求更多的進貢。
用法筆記
An archaic or historical term, almost never used in modern everyday English except when discussing medieval history or feudal law. The phrase 'render unto Caesar' (from the Bible) preserves an older meaning of giving what is due. Most modern learners will only encounter this sense in historical texts or religious references.