of
of — 介系詞
1. linking two nouns to show that the first one belongs to, is part of, or is assoc
（所屬）…的
連接兩名詞，表所屬、來源或關聯
linking two nouns to show that the first one belongs to, is part of, or is associated with the second — typically a person, place, or organisation that owns or holds it, as in the friends of Maya, the streets of Taipei, or the windows of the old house.
The diary of Anne Frank is read by students all over the world.
《安妮的日記》在世界各地都有學生在閱讀。
[thing] + of + [named person] for possession
Marcus is studying the history of Japan at university this year.
Marcus今年在大學裡研讀日本的歷史。
[topic] + of + [country] for relation
The mayor of Kaohsiung gave a short speech at the new park.
高雄市市長在新公園裡發表了一段簡短的演說。
Lina painted the front door of her grandmother's house bright yellow.
Lina把奶奶家的前門漆成了亮黃色。
Carlos borrowed the keys of his father's old motorbike for the weekend.
Carlos週末借用了爸爸那台舊摩托車的鑰匙。
- 's (possessive)
preferred for people: 'Maya's bag', not 'the bag of Maya'.
- belonging to
more formal and longer; usually used for emphasis.
文法句型
[noun] + of + [person/place/group]
用法筆記
Subject is usually a thing, role, or part; the noun after 'of' names the owner, place, or group it belongs to. With people, the possessive 's (Anne's diary) is more common in everyday speech than 'of'.
常見錯誤
2. placed after a measurement word, a number, or a quantifier to mark the substance
（數量）…的
用在數量、單位後，連接所計量的東西
placed after a measurement word, a number, or a quantifier to mark the substance or set being measured, counted, or partitioned — answering 'how much' or 'how many' rather than 'whose' or 'what is inside'. Common with units like kilo, litre, cup, and with quantifiers like some, most, half, none.
Carlos drank a tall glass of orange juice with his breakfast.
Carlos早餐配了一大杯柳橙汁。
[unit/container] + of + [substance]
Maya bought three kilos of apples at the market on Saturday.
Maya週六在市場買了三公斤的蘋果。
[number + unit] + of + [countable plural]
Most of the students walked home together after the late class.
上完晚課後，大部分的學生一起走路回家。
Only a few of my cousins still live near Kaohsiung now.
我的表兄弟姊妹中，現在只剩幾個還住在高雄附近。
The waiter brought a small plate of warm bread to the table.
服務生送了一小盤溫熱的麵包到桌上。
文法句型
[number/amount/unit] + of + [noun]
some/many/most/few + of + [noun phrase]
用法筆記
Use 'of the' (not bare 'of') with words like some, many, most, few, all, each, none when the noun has 'the', 'my', 'these', etc. — 'most of the cake', not 'most of cake'. Bare 'most cake' is fine for general statements.
常見錯誤
3. after a word naming a container, vessel, or organised group, to identify the spe
裝有…的
說明容器或群體內所裝、所含之物
after a word naming a container, vessel, or organised group, to identify the specific contents or members inside — describing the kind of stuff that fills it, not how much there is. Examples: a box of toys (toys are inside), a basket of flowers, a team of doctors.
Lina opened a small box of chocolates on her birthday morning.
Lina在生日早上打開了一小盒巧克力。
container + of + contents
The shelf held a thick book of old Taiwanese folk songs.
架上擺著一本厚厚的台灣老民謠歌本。
[item] + of + [content theme]
Marcus carried a heavy bag of textbooks up four floors.
Marcus扛著一袋沉重的課本爬上四樓。
The teacher manages a noisy class of thirty young children.
那位老師管著一個吵鬧的三十人小班。
Maya found a basket of fresh strawberries on the kitchen counter.
Maya在廚房流理台上發現一籃新鮮的草莓。
- containing
more formal and explicit; 'a jar containing honey' vs 'a jar of honey'.
- full of
stresses that something is completely filled.
文法句型
[container/group noun] + of + [contents]
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 2 (AMOUNT): sense 3 emphasises what fills the container or group ('a box of toys' = box has toys inside); sense 2 measures quantity ('two boxes of toys' = counting). The line is fuzzy and contexts often allow either reading.
常見錯誤
4. joining a direction word — such as north, south, left, right, or top — to a fixe
…的方位
把方向詞與參照點連起來，標示位置
joining a direction word — such as north, south, left, right, or top — to a fixed point, so the listener knows where one place sits compared with another.
Tainan lies south of Taichung along the western coast of Taiwan.
台南位於台中以南，沿著台灣的西岸。
[place] + south/north of + [place]
Marcus parked his bike to the left of the school gate.
Marcus把腳踏車停在學校大門的左側。
to the left/right of + [object]
A small lamp sits on top of the wooden bookshelf.
一盞小燈擺在那個木製書架的最上面。
The bakery is just north of the night market on Minquan Road.
那家麵包店就在民權路夜市的北邊。
Lina's apartment is on the third floor, in front of a quiet park.
Lina的公寓在三樓，前面是一座安靜的公園。
文法句型
[direction word] + of + [reference point]
north/south/east/west/left/right/north-east + of + [place]
用法筆記
Common fixed phrases: 'on top of', 'in front of', 'at the back of', 'to the left/right of', 'north/south/east/west of'. The 'of' is required and cannot be dropped.
常見錯誤
5. marking a behaviour, quality, or feature as something you usually expect from a
典型的
表示某行為或特質是某人或某類常見的
marking a behaviour, quality, or feature as something you usually expect from a particular person, group, or thing — used after words like 'typical' or 'characteristic' to point to the source of that pattern.
Forgetting his lunchbox at home is so typical of Marcus on busy mornings.
在忙碌的早上把便當盒忘在家裡，真是Marcus的典型作風。
typical of + [person] for usual behaviour
Such a long lunch break is typical of small towns in southern Taiwan.
這麼長的午休時間，在台灣南部小鎮很常見。
typical of + [group/place]
That sharp humour is so characteristic of Maya's writing style.
那種尖銳的幽默感，非常有Maya寫作風格的味道。
Heavy afternoon rain is typical of Taipei in early June.
六月初的台北常會有強烈的午後雷陣雨。
The sour taste is typical of green mangoes picked too early.
那種酸味是太早採收的青芒果常有的味道。
- characteristic of
more formal; emphasises a defining quality.
- unlike
'that's unlike Marcus' = not his usual behaviour.
文法句型
[quality/feature/behaviour] + typical/characteristic + of + [person/group/thing]
that's (so) typical + of + [person/group]
用法筆記
Restricted to 'typical of', 'characteristic of', and a few similar words ('representative of', 'symptomatic of'). Subject names a feature, action, or quality; the noun after 'of' names whose pattern it fits. Distinguish from sense 9, which uses the 'it + be + [adj] + of + [person] + to-infinitive' frame to judge a single action.
常見錯誤
6. linking the day number to the month when you say or write a date — for example,
…月…日
把日期數字與月份連起來，用在說或寫日期
linking the day number to the month when you say or write a date — for example, the third of June or the twenty-first of October.
Maya was born on the fifth of April in a small village.
Maya出生於四月五日，地點是在一個小村莊。
on the [ordinal] of [month]
The wedding will be held on the twentieth of December this year.
婚禮將會在今年的十二月二十日舉行。
the [ordinal] of [month] [year]
Carlos started his new job on the first of September.
Carlos在九月一日開始他的新工作。
Taiwan celebrates Double Tenth Day on the tenth of October every year.
台灣每年在十月十日慶祝雙十節。
Lina's exam is on the twenty-second of June, just before summer break.
Lina的考試在六月二十二日，正好在暑假前。
文法句型
the [ordinal number] of [month]
the [ordinal number] of [month], [year]
用法筆記
British style; common in formal writing and speech. American style usually drops 'of' and reorders: 'June 5' or 'June 5th' instead of 'the fifth of June'. Both styles use 'on' before the date.
常見錯誤
7. used after a noun to name the material, substance, or parts that something is bu
由⋯製成
用來說明物品的材料
used after a noun to name the material, substance, or parts that something is built or formed from.
Maya's grandmother gave her a small box of carved wood.
瑪雅的奶奶送她一個用木頭雕刻而成的小盒子。
noun + of + material (wood)
The bridge in the old town is built of stone and iron.
舊城區的那座橋是用石頭和鐵建造的。
passive: built of [materials]
Carlos wore a thick sweater of soft grey wool.
卡洛斯穿了一件柔軟灰色羊毛製的厚毛衣。
The children made a tower of plastic blocks on the kitchen floor.
孩子們在廚房地板上用塑膠積木堆出一座塔。
Aunt Rosa keeps her tea in a small jar of green glass.
蘿莎阿姨把茶葉放在一個綠色玻璃製的小罐子裡。
文法句型
noun + of + material noun
用法筆記
Subject noun is normally a concrete object; the noun after 'of' names the raw stuff. Often appears in the fixed pattern 'made of [material]', which keeps the material visible in the final product (compare 'made from', where the original material is changed).
常見錯誤
8. required after a fixed list of adjectives (afraid, fond, proud, tired) and verbs
對；想到
固定搭配詞後接的對象介系詞
required after a fixed list of adjectives (afraid, fond, proud, tired) and verbs (think, dream, speak, remind, accuse) to introduce the object of the feeling, mental act, or speech — the partner word demands 'of' as its only correct preposition.
Lina is very fond of her little brother and reads to him every night.
莉娜非常疼愛她的小弟弟，每晚都念書給他聽。
adjective + of: fond of [person]
The villagers spoke of the storm with quiet fear.
村民們帶著一絲恐懼談論起那場暴風雨。
verb + of: speak of [topic]
Marcus was tired of waiting at the bus stop in the rain.
馬可仕厭倦了在雨中於公車站等候。
The old captain often dreamed of the sea he had left behind.
老船長常夢見他離開已久的那片大海。
The teacher reminded the children of the school rules before lunch.
老師在午餐前提醒孩子們學校的規定。
- about
many of these verbs accept 'about' too (think about, dream about); 'of' is often slightly more abstract or emotional.
文法句型
adjective + of + noun
verb + of + noun
用法筆記
These pairings are fixed by the verb or adjective and must be learned one by one. Common adjectives: afraid of, proud of, fond of, tired of, aware of, jealous of. Common verbs: think of, dream of, speak of, remind of, accuse of, approve of. Subject noun is usually a person or animate being.
常見錯誤
9. appears in the pattern 'it is [adjective] of [person] to do something' to praise
做某事真⋯
評斷某人行為的好壞
appears in the pattern 'it is [adjective] of [person] to do something' to praise or criticise the way someone has chosen to act.
It was very kind of Mrs Tanaka to drive my mother home in the storm.
田中太太冒著暴風雨開車送我母親回家，真是太好心了。
it + be + adjective + of + person + to-infinitive
It was rude of Marcus to leave the dinner without saying goodbye.
馬可仕沒道別就離開晚餐，真是失禮。
praise/criticism of behaviour
How thoughtful of Lina to send flowers when grandfather was in hospital.
莉娜在爺爺住院時送花來，真是貼心。
It was brave of the young firefighter to enter the burning house alone.
那位年輕消防員獨自衝進失火的房子，真是勇敢。
It was silly of me to forget my umbrella on such a rainy morning.
在這麼下雨的早晨我竟然忘了帶傘，真是傻。
文法句型
it + be + adjective + of + person + to-infinitive
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 8: this sense judges the person's action ('It was kind of you to help' = you were kind because you helped). Compare 'It is important for you to help' — 'for' rates the situation, not the person. Common adjectives in this slot: kind, nice, good, sweet, generous, rude, mean, stupid, silly, brave, foolish, careless.
常見錯誤
10. used after some nouns to introduce the topic that is being described, discussed,
關於
說明所談論或描繪的主題
used after some nouns to introduce the topic that is being described, discussed, or shown.
Dr Patel gave a clear account of the village fire to the local newspaper.
派特爾醫師向地方報紙清楚說明了那場村莊大火的經過。
account of [event]
The museum holds many photographs of the city before the war.
博物館收藏了許多戰前那座城市的照片。
photograph of [subject]
Maya wrote a short review of the new café on her blog.
瑪雅在部落格上寫了一篇關於那家新咖啡店的短評。
The mayor's speech included a long list of the town's recent problems.
市長的演說中列出了一長串該鎮近期的問題。
Carlos showed the visitors a map of the island and its small harbours.
卡洛斯向訪客展示了那座島嶼及其小港口的地圖。
- about
more conversational; 'a book about birds' feels lighter than 'a book of birds' (which can imply a collection).
- concerning
formal, mostly written; for documents and reports.
文法句型
noun + of + topic noun
用法筆記
Pairs naturally with information-bearing nouns: account, story, picture, photo, map, list, review, description, study, knowledge, idea. Often interchangeable with 'about' after these nouns, but 'of' sounds slightly more formal and tighter ('a story of love' vs 'a story about love').
常見錯誤
11. used between two nouns when the second one names or identifies what the first on
稱為
用來指出名稱或身份
used between two nouns when the second one names or identifies what the first one is.
The small village of Hualien sits between green mountains and the deep blue sea.
花蓮這個小村莊坐落在青山與深藍大海之間。
village of [name]
Marcus took the job of head chef at the new harbour restaurant.
馬可仕在新港口餐廳接下了主廚這份工作。
job of [role]
The children loved the story of Cinderella more than any other tale.
孩子們最喜歡灰姑娘這個故事，勝過其他任何童話。
Lina earned the title of best young pianist in the regional contest.
莉娜在區域比賽中贏得了最佳青少年鋼琴家的頭銜。
The Watanabe family booked a ferry to the small island of Okinoshima for August.
渡邊一家訂了八月前往隱岐之島這座小島的渡輪。
文法句型
noun + of + naming noun
用法筆記
The first noun is a category word (city, village, island, month, day, name, title, role, job, idea, problem); the noun after 'of' is the specific identity. Distinguish from sense 7 (MADE OF) by checking if the noun after 'of' names a thing (use this sense) or a material (use sense 7).
常見錯誤
12. used after a noun naming an action to introduce the person or thing that the act
對⋯所做
動作名詞後接被施動的人或物
used after a noun naming an action to introduce the person or thing that the action is performed on.
The repair of the old bridge took the workers nearly two months.
舊橋的修復工程花了工人們將近兩個月。
repair of [object acted on]
The murder of the merchant shocked everyone in the quiet little town.
那位商人遭到謀殺一事震驚了這個寧靜小鎮的所有人。
murder of [victim]
The teaching of mathematics has changed a lot in the last twenty years.
數學的教學方式在過去二十年裡有了很大的改變。
The destruction of the rain forest worries scientists across the world.
雨林遭到破壞令全世界的科學家擔憂。
Carlos studies the painting of portraits in the Italian Renaissance.
卡洛斯研究義大利文藝復興時期的肖像繪畫。
文法句型
action noun + of + receiver noun
用法筆記
The first noun is normally a deverbal noun (repair, murder, teaching, painting, building, destruction, treatment, examination); the noun after 'of' is what would be the direct object of the related verb. Compare with sense 1 (POSSESSION): 'the painting of Carlos' = a painting that shows Carlos (sense 12 reading) or a painting that Carlos owns (sense 1 reading) — context decides.
常見錯誤
13. linking an emotion, quality, or trait to the person who feels or holds it.
…所有的
把感受或特質連到感受它的人
linking an emotion, quality, or trait to the person who feels or holds it.
The kindness of Mrs. Lee touched everyone at the school gate.
李太太那份善意，感動了校門口的每一個人。
[abstract noun] + of + [named person]
I admire the patience of doctors who work long night shifts.
我很佩服那些值長夜班的醫生所展現的耐心。
trait felt by a group
Maya was moved by the love of her grandmother in those final days.
Maya在祖母最後的那段日子裡，深深被祖母的愛所感動。
The anger of the villagers grew when the river turned brown again.
當河水又變成褐色時，村民的怒氣愈來愈高漲。
Carlos respects the courage of the young firefighters next door.
Carlos很敬佩隔壁那些年輕消防員所展現的勇氣。
- felt by
more explicit verbal phrasing
- experienced by
formal, often used in writing
文法句型
[noun for emotion/quality] + of + [person]
用法筆記
Frequently links abstract nouns (kindness, anger, fear, love) to a named experiencer. Distinguish from sense 1 (POSSESSION) by the abstract, emotional nature of the noun before 'of'.
常見錯誤
14. naming the cause behind a death, illness, accusation, or strong feeling that fol
因為；死於
說明造成的原因
naming the cause behind a death, illness, accusation, or strong feeling that follows from it.
Marcus's grandfather died of a heart attack last winter.
Marcus的祖父去年冬天因心臟病過世。
die + of + [medical cause]
The young clerk was accused of stealing money from the office safe.
那位年輕的職員被指控從辦公室保險箱裡偷錢。
accuse + [person] + of + [wrongdoing]
The children were tired of waiting for the bus in the cold.
孩子們在寒風中等公車，等得不耐煩了。
Her uncle nearly died of fright when the dog jumped at him.
她的舅舅被狗撲過來時，差點被嚇死。
The whole kitchen smelled of burnt garlic after Carlos left the pan too long.
Carlos把鍋子放太久，整個廚房瀰漫著大蒜燒焦的味道。
文法句型
die / be tired / smell + of + [cause]
convict / accuse / acquit + [person] + of + [crime]
用法筆記
Common with verbs of dying, weariness, accusation, and sensory cause ('smell/taste/reek of'). Distinguish from sense 12 (DONE TO): 'die of cancer' names the cause, while 'victim of cancer' names what was done to someone.
常見錯誤
15. marking the wider group from which one item is picked out as the best, worst, or
之中最
從一群中挑出某個
marking the wider group from which one item is picked out as the best, worst, or most extreme.
Lina was the tallest of the four sisters in the family photo.
在全家福照片裡，Lina 是四姊妹之中最高的。
superlative + of + [group]
Mount Jade is the highest of all the mountains in Taiwan.
玉山是台灣所有山之中最高的一座。
the [superlative] + of all
Of the three cakes, the chocolate one tasted the best to Marcus.
三塊蛋糕之中，Marcus 覺得巧克力那塊最好吃。
The youngest of my cousins won first prize at the piano contest.
我表兄弟姊妹之中最小的那位，在鋼琴比賽拿了第一名。
Tokyo was the busiest of the cities Sara visited last summer.
東京是 Sara 去年夏天去過的城市之中最熱鬧的。
文法句型
[superlative/best/worst] + of + [group]
用法筆記
The noun after 'of' must be plural or a collective group. Distinguish from sense 1 (POSSESSION): 'the best of the team' = picked from the team; 'the captain of the team' = belonging to the team.
常見錯誤
16. stating how many minutes are still left before the next hour when telling the ti
差幾分
離整點還差幾分
stating how many minutes are still left before the next hour when telling the time.
The train to Boston leaves at a quarter of nine in the morning.
去波士頓的火車早上差一刻九點（八點四十五分）發車。
a quarter of + [hour]
Marcus called his mother at ten of six to say he was running late.
Marcus在差十分六點時打給媽媽，告訴她自己會晚到。
[minutes] + of + [hour]
It was five of noon when the school bell finally rang.
學校的鐘終於響起時，正好是差五分十二點。
Grandma always serves dinner at twenty of seven on Sundays.
奶奶星期天總是在差二十分七點時開飯。
Lina arrived at the airport at a quarter of three in the afternoon.
Lina在下午差一刻三點時抵達機場。
文法句型
[minutes] + of + [hour]
用法筆記
Mainly American English. British speakers say 'a quarter to nine' instead of 'a quarter of nine'. The number before 'of' is always the minutes remaining before the next hour.
常見錯誤
17. after an explicit measurement of distance, range, or near-miss timing (ten miles
距離
在時間或地點上的距離
after an explicit measurement of distance, range, or near-miss timing (ten miles, within an inch, within seconds) to mark the reference point being measured from — adding a quantified gap that sense 4 (POSITION) leaves vague.
The small farm sits about ten miles north of the river.
那座小農場位於河流以北約十英里的地方。
[direction/distance] + of + [reference point]
Marcus came within an inch of falling off the wooden ladder.
Marcus 從那個木梯上差一吋就摔下來了。
within + [distance] + of
The old temple stands two kilometres south of the train station.
那座古廟坐落在火車站以南兩公里處。
Lina came within seconds of missing the last bus home.
Lina 差幾秒就錯過了回家的末班車。
The cottage lies just east of the small fishing harbour.
那間小屋就在小漁港的東邊不遠處。
文法句型
within / north / south + of + [place or time]
用法筆記
Subject is usually a place, person, or event; the noun after 'of' is the reference point. Distinguish from sense 4 (POSITION) by the explicit measurement of distance, direction, or near-miss timing.
常見錯誤
18. marking the thing that is taken away, withheld, or lost when someone is harmed.
剝奪
被搶走或奪走的東西
marking the thing that is taken away, withheld, or lost when someone is harmed.
The thieves robbed the elderly couple of their wedding rings.
小偷搶走了那對老夫婦的結婚戒指。
rob + [person] + of + [thing]
The flood deprived the village of clean water for almost a week.
這場洪水讓村子整整一週都沒有乾淨的水可用。
deprive + [group] + of + [resource]
Marcus felt cheated of a fair chance after the judge changed the rules.
法官改了規則之後，Marcus 覺得自己被剝奪了一個公平的機會。
The long illness robbed Grandma of her strong, clear voice.
長期的病痛奪走了奶奶原本宏亮清晰的嗓音。
The new law stripped many farmers of their old water rights.
新法規剝奪了許多農民原有的用水權。
- from
used after 'take' or 'steal', not after 'rob' or 'deprive'
文法句型
rob / deprive / cheat + [person] + of + [thing]
用法筆記
Object must be something valued (rights, money, freedom, sleep, voice). Often appears with verbs of loss: rob, deprive, cheat, strip, cure, rid. Frequently passive ('was robbed of').
常見錯誤
19. in the course of a stated period of time, often pointing to something that happe
在……時
舊式用法，表示某段時間內習慣性地發生
in the course of a stated period of time, often pointing to something that happens regularly or habitually within it.
Mr. Hughes often takes a long walk by the river of an evening.
休斯先生常在傍晚時沿著河邊散長長的步。
of + an evening = during evenings, habitually
Of a Sunday morning, the bakery on Maple Street fills with hungry families.
每到星期天早上，楓街那家麵包店就擠滿了肚子餓的家庭。
fronted: 'Of a Sunday morning' for habitual time
Grandma Pearl liked to knit by the fire of a winter night.
珀爾奶奶喜歡在冬夜裡坐在爐火邊織毛線。
The old farmer would smoke his pipe on the porch of a summer afternoon.
這位老農夫常在夏天的午後坐在門廊上抽著菸斗。
Of late, fewer ships have sailed into the harbour at Plymouth.
近來駛進普利茅斯港的船隻變少了。
文法句型
of + a/an + time period (morning, evening, weekend)
用法筆記
Old-fashioned and chiefly literary. Almost always 'of a/an + time period' (of a morning, of an evening, of a Sunday) describing a habitual or repeated occurrence, not a single event. Distinguish from sense 6 (DAYS), which marks a specific calendar date with 'the', and sense 16 (TIME), which states clock time.