projection
projection — 名詞
1. a reasoned estimate of future events, made by using currently available data and
預測；推估
根據現有資料對未來所作的估算
a reasoned estimate of future events, made by using currently available data and noticing trends
According to the latest projections, the city's population will reach two million by 2040.
根據最新預測，這座城市的人口將在 2040 年前達到兩百萬。
projections + population + time frame
The company's sales projections for the next year turned out to be far too optimistic.
該公司對明年的銷售預測結果遠遠過於樂觀。
sales projections + optimistic/pessimistic
Economic projections from the central bank suggest that inflation will remain steady through the second quarter.
中央銀行的經濟預測顯示，通膨在第二季將維持穩定。
The finance team presented their revenue projection to the board during the quarterly meeting.
財務團隊在季度會議上向董事會提交了營收預測。
- forecast
more common for short-term predictions, especially about weather
- estimate
less formal, can be based on incomplete data
- prediction
broader; may be based on intuition rather than data
- prognosis
primarily medical or economic; implies expert judgment
- certainty
projections are uncertain by nature; a certainty does not need calculation
文法句型
projection of [noun phrase]
according to projections
用法筆記
Frequently used in the plural form 'projections' when referring to calculated estimates in business, economics, and demographics. A single 'projection' often refers to one specific figure within a set of estimates.
常見錯誤
2. the act of displaying a film or picture on a flat surface; the image that appear
放映；投影
將影像投射到螢幕或牆面的行為或影像本身
the act of displaying a film or picture on a flat surface; the image that appears when you do this
The film projection was so clear that the audience could see every detail of the actor's face.
那部電影的放映效果非常清晰，觀眾連演員臉上的每個細節都看得一清二楚。
film projection + quality description
The museum's outdoor projection of historical photographs drew a large crowd to the town square.
博物館在戶外投影歷史照片的活動，吸引了大批民眾聚集到城鎮廣場。
outdoor projection + of [images]
Dewi adjusted the focus on the projection before the visiting lecturer began her presentation.
Dewi 在客座講師開始演講之前調整了投影的焦距。
The old cinema still uses a traditional film projection system rather than a digital one.
那家老電影院仍使用傳統的膠片放映系統，而不是數位系統。
文法句型
projection of [noun phrase]
用法筆記
Often used in compounds: 'film projection', 'projection screen', 'projection room', 'projection booth'. The uncountable form refers to the activity or technology; the countable form refers to a specific instance or the image itself.
常見錯誤
3. a part of an object that extends outward beyond the main level of the surface ar
突出物
從表面突出或超出邊緣的部分
a part of an object that extends outward beyond the main level of the surface around it
The rocky projection on the cliff face provided a good nesting spot for seabirds.
懸崖面上的岩石突出部分為海鳥提供了良好的築巢地點。
rocky projection + location
The old building had several stone projections on its outer wall that looked like small balconies.
那棟老建築的外牆上有幾處石造突出物，看起來像小陽台。
stone projections + description
A small projection on the bone indicates where a muscle was once attached.
骨頭上的小突起顯示此處曾經附著一條肌肉。
A small metal projection on the door frame caught Gabriela's coat sleeve as she walked past.
門框上的一個小金屬突起鉤住了 Gabriela 的大衣袖子。
- protrusion
more technical; used in anatomy and formal descriptions
- bulge
less specific; suggests roundness rather than angularity
- overhang
specifically projects outward at the top of a surface
- extension
implies something added or extended, not naturally projecting
- hollow
a depression or cavity in a surface
- indentation
a recess or dent, the opposite of a projection
文法句型
projection on/from [noun phrase]
用法筆記
More technical than everyday alternatives like 'bump' or 'lump'. Common in anatomy ('bony projection'), geology ('rocky projection'), and architecture. In everyday speech, 'protrusion' is a close synonym but slightly more formal.
4. a drawing or method that represents a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimens
投影圖
將立體物體以二維平面呈現的幾何繪圖方式
a drawing or method that represents a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional plane using straight lines from its points
The students learned how to draw an orthographic projection of a cube in their geometry class.
學生在幾何課上學習如何繪製正方體的正投影圖。
orthographic projection + of [shape]
Faisal used a projection of the 3D model onto graph paper to calculate the correct dimensions.
Faisal 將 3D 模型投影到方格紙上，以計算正確的尺寸。
projection of [object] onto [surface]
Most world maps use the Mercator projection, which makes countries near the poles look much larger than they really are.
大多數世界地圖使用麥卡托投影法，這使得靠近兩極的國家看起來比實際大得多。
The architect prepared a projection of the building to show how each floor would relate to the others.
建築師準備了一份建築物的投影圖，以顯示各樓層之間的相對位置。
- representation
broader term; any visual depiction on a surface
- plan view
a specific type of projection from above
- map projection
the cartographic application of this technique
文法句型
projection of [noun phrase] onto [noun phrase]
用法筆記
Technical term in geometry, engineering, architecture, and cartography. Common named types include 'orthographic projection', 'perspective projection', and 'Mercator projection'. The uncountable form refers to the technique or method; the countable form refers to a specific drawing or diagram.
常見錯誤
5. the unconscious act of attributing your own unwanted feelings, thoughts, or faul
投射作用
將自身缺點歸因於他人的心理機制
the unconscious act of attributing your own unwanted feelings, thoughts, or faults to someone else, so they seem to belong to that other person
In therapy, Zuri learned that her accusations of jealousy in others were actually a projection of her own envy.
在接受心理治療時，Zuri 了解到她指責別人嫉妒，其實是她自己嫉妒心的投射作用。
projection of [feeling] — attributing own emotion
The psychologist explained that projection often happens when people cannot accept their own mistakes.
心理學家解釋說，投射作用常發生在人們無法接受自己錯誤的時候。
projection as defense mechanism
Asher's constant suspicion of colleagues was a projection of his own careless habits.
Asher 對同事的持續懷疑，其實是他自己粗心習慣的投射作用。
The counsellor helped Apinya see that her fear of being rejected was a projection of her own self-doubt.
諮商師幫助 Apinya 了解到，她對被拒絕的恐懼其實是自我懷疑的投射作用。
- attribution
broader; can be conscious or unconscious, positive or negative
- externalization
the act of locating a problem outside yourself
- displacement
redirecting an emotion to a different target, not falsely attributing it
文法句型
projection of [emotion/quality] onto [person]
用法筆記
Technical term in psychology, often called 'psychological projection'. It is considered a defense mechanism — the mind protects itself from uncomfortable truths by attributing them elsewhere. The uncountable form describes the general mechanism; the countable form describes a specific instance. Distinguish from sense 6 (OUTWARD EXPRESSION), where the focus is on expressing inner feelings outwardly rather than falsely attributing them to others.
常見錯誤
6. the expression of your inner thoughts, feelings, or creative ideas in a visible,
抒發；表達
將內心思緒或情感以具體形式展現
the expression of your inner thoughts, feelings, or creative ideas in a visible, audible, or tangible form
Her paintings are a projection of the dreams and emotions she carries deep inside.
她的畫作是內心深處夢想與情感的抒發。
projection of [inner feelings] — outward expression
The novel can be read as a projection of the author's own struggles with identity and belonging.
這部小說可以視為作者對身分認同與歸屬感之掙扎的投射與表達。
The mural on the community centre wall is a beautiful projection of the neighbourhood's shared history.
社區中心牆上的壁畫是社區共同歷史的美好表達。
The dance performance was a powerful projection of the town's hope after the flood.
那場舞蹈表演有力地展現了小鎮在洪水過後的希望。
- expression
simpler, more common; does not imply the structured giving of form
- manifestation
suggests something abstract becoming physically evident
- embodiment
implies the idea or feeling is made concrete in a physical form
- repression
the act of holding inner thoughts and feelings back
文法句型
projection of [inner quality]
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 5 (PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE): sense 5 is about unconsciously and falsely attributing feelings to others; sense 6 is about consciously giving form to your own inner world through art, writing, or behaviour. This sense appears primarily in literary and artistic criticism.
7. the strength and clarity of a person's voice, or the ability to make your voice
發聲力度
使聲音清晰傳達至遠處的技巧或能力
the strength and clarity of a person's voice, or the ability to make your voice heard clearly at a distance
The singing coach told Astrid that her voice had good projection but needed more breath support.
歌唱教練告訴 Astrid，她的發聲力度不錯，但需要更多腹式呼吸的支撐。
good/poor projection + voice
Actors train for strong vocal projection so the back row can hear every line.
演員需要訓練強而有力的發聲力度，讓最後一排觀眾也能聽到每一句臺詞。
vocal projection + purpose
Ryan's voice lacked projection, so his teacher asked him to speak up during the class presentation.
Ryan 的發聲力度不足，所以老師請他在課堂報告時把聲音提高。
The drama teacher explained that good projection is a skill anyone can learn through regular practice.
戲劇老師解釋說，良好的發聲力度是可以透過規律練習學會的技巧。
- audibility
how easily something can be heard; narrower, focusing only on volume
- resonance
the quality of sound, not just its strength
- carry
informal; 'his voice carries well' means the same as 'good projection'
- mumbling
speaking unclearly and quietly, the opposite of good projection
文法句型
voice projection
vocal projection
用法筆記
Typically uncountable — you say 'has good projection', not 'has a good projection'. Often used in the phrase 'voice projection' or 'vocal projection'. Frequently taught in theatre, public speaking, and singing training. The focus is on audibility and clarity, not on emotional expression.