stack
stack — 動詞
1. to put objects on top of each other in an orderly pile or series of piles.
堆放
將物品整齊疊放
to put objects on top of each other in an orderly pile or series of piles.
Nikos stacked the firewood against the shed wall before the storm arrived.
Nikos 在暴風雨來臨前將柴火靠著棚屋牆壁堆放整齊。
stack + noun phrase + against [surface]
The books were stacked neatly on the library cart by subject.
那些書按主題整齊地堆放在圖書館的推車上。
passive: be stacked + on [surface]
Lara stacked the dirty plates in the sink after the party ended.
派對結束後，Lara 把髒盤子疊放在水槽裡。
The children stacked their wooden blocks until the tower reached the table lamp.
孩子們把木頭積木疊起來，直到高塔碰到桌燈。
Constanza stacked the chairs onto the trolley and pushed them to the storage room.
Constanza 把椅子疊上手推車，推到儲藏室去。
- scatter
to spread items out rather than arranging them together
文法句型
stack + noun phrase
stack + noun phrase + preposition (on/in/against)
用法筆記
Frequently used with prepositions of location: on, in, against, onto. The object is usually a set of flat or stackable items (plates, books, boxes, wood).
2. to fill a space, shelf, or container by putting many objects into or onto it, of
塞滿
在空間中塞入大量物品
to fill a space, shelf, or container by putting many objects into or onto it, often until no space remains.
The pantry shelves were stacked with cans of soup and boxes of pasta.
食品儲藏室的架上塞滿了湯罐頭和義大利麵條盒。
passive: be stacked with [contents]
Yumi stacked the fridge with containers of leftovers from the weekend party.
Yumi 把週末派對剩下的菜餚塞滿了冰箱。
stack + [container] + with [contents]
Shanti stacked the freezer with boxes of frozen vegetables for the weekend rush.
Shanti 把冷凍櫃塞滿了冷凍蔬菜盒，為週末人潮做準備。
The storage unit was stacked floor to ceiling with furniture nobody wanted.
儲物間從地板到天花板塞滿了沒人要的傢俱。
Zayd stacked the back of his van with equipment for the camping trip.
Zayd 把露營裝備塞滿了貨車後廂。
- empty
to remove all contents from a space
文法句型
be stacked with + noun phrase
stack + noun phrase + with + noun phrase
用法筆記
Very common in the passive construction be stacked with + noun. The active form (stack + [container/space] + with [contents]) is also frequent and always takes an animate subject.
3. of an aircraft: to fly in circles at a set altitude on instructions from air tra
盤旋等待
飛機在機場上空盤旋等候降落
of an aircraft: to fly in circles at a set altitude on instructions from air traffic control until landing is cleared; also said of controllers who assign such holding patterns.
The plane stacked above the airport for forty minutes before getting clearance to land.
那架飛機在機場上空盤旋了四十分鐘才獲得降落許可。
intransitive: plane + stack + above [location]
Air traffic control stacked three jets at six thousand feet over the runway.
航管人員安排三架噴射機在跑道上方六千英尺處盤旋等待。
transitive: control + stack + [aircraft] + at [altitude]
Flights were stacked up over Chicago when the radar system went down.
雷達系統故障時，飛往芝加哥的航班都在上空盤旋等待。
Passengers grew frustrated as planes stacked in a queue above Heathrow for hours.
飛機在希斯洛機場上空排隊盤旋好幾個小時，乘客們越來越不耐煩。
文法句型
stack (aircraft) + preposition (above/over)
be stacked + preposition (above/over/at)
用法筆記
Often paired with up in the phrasal form stack up. The transitive sense (air traffic control stacks planes) is less common in general use but standard in aviation contexts.
4. to arrange something, such as a set of cards, a competition, or a situation, in
作弊安排
暗中操縱以獲取不公平優勢
to arrange something, such as a set of cards, a competition, or a situation, in a dishonest way so that one side has an unfair advantage or disadvantage.
The gambler stacked the deck and won every hand that evening.
那個賭徒偷偷安排了牌局順序，結果那晚每一局都贏。
stack the deck — cheat by arranging cards
The competition was stacked in favour of the host team from the very start.
那場比賽從一開始就被操縱成對主場隊有利。
passive: be stacked in favour of [party]
Tuan accused the referee of stacking the odds against the visiting players.
Tuan 指控裁判暗中做了手腳，讓客隊處於劣勢。
Critics say the tax system is stacked to benefit large corporations.
批評者說這個稅制被設計成對大企業有利。
- rig
broader; rig can apply to equipment or elections, not just cards
- fix
similar meaning but more informal in this context
- manipulate
more general; does not necessarily imply cheating
- level
to make fair or even
文法句型
stack + noun phrase (deck/cards/odds)
be stacked against/in favour of + noun phrase
用法筆記
The sense is primarily realised in the fixed expressions 'stack the deck/cards/odds' and the passive 'be stacked against/in favour of'. The idiom 'stack the deck' (see this sense) is the most common manifestation — the literal act of arranging playing cards dishonestly is rare outside gambling contexts; the figurative use ('the system is stacked against us') is far more frequent.
stack — 名詞
1. a group of items placed neatly on top of one another, such as plates, books, or
堆疊；疊
整齊堆放在一起的物品
a group of items placed neatly on top of one another, such as plates, books, or papers set in a single column.
Élise placed a stack of clean plates on the kitchen counter before dinner.
Élise 在晚餐前將一疊乾淨的盤子放在廚房檯面上。
countable: a stack of + concrete noun
The librarian carried a tall stack of returned books back to the shelves.
圖書館員將一疊歸還的書抱回書架前。
Tariq noticed a stack of old letters tied with ribbon in the attic.
Tariq 在閣樓裡發現了一疊用緞帶綁著的舊信。
On her desk sat a neat stack of exam papers waiting to be marked.
她的桌上放著一疊整整齊齊的考卷，等著批改。
文法句型
stack + of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Commonly combined with adjectives like neat, tidy, tall, or orderly to describe how the items are arranged. The noun that follows of is almost always concrete and countable.
常見錯誤
2. a very large number or quantity of something, often work, money, or problems tha
大量
很多的數量，常用於口語
a very large number or quantity of something, often work, money, or problems that feel like a burden.
Hao has stacks of work to finish before the deadline next Friday.
Hao 在下週五的截止日前有一大堆工作要做。
stacks of + abstract noun (work, paperwork)
The charity received a stack of donations after the news report aired on television.
這家慈善機構在新聞報導播出後收到了一大批捐款。
Adaeze saved stacks of money by cooking at home instead of eating out every day.
Adaeze 每天自己煮飯而不外食，存了一大筆錢。
There are a whole stack of reasons why the plan needs more review.
這個計畫有整整一堆理由需要先進行更多審查才能啟動。
文法句型
stacks + of + noun phrase
a stack + of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Often appears in the plural form stacks of, especially in informal speech, to emphasise a very large quantity. Works with both concrete nouns (stacks of cash) and abstract nouns (stacks of work).
常見錯誤
3. a tall set of bookshelves in a library where books are kept together, with narro
書庫
圖書館中存放大量書籍的高架區
a tall set of bookshelves in a library where books are kept together, with narrow walkways between the rows to hold a large number of volumes.
The first edition was hidden in the stacks on the third floor of the library.
那本初版書藏在圖書館三樓的書庫裡。
the stacks (plural as a specific area)
Sumin spent the whole afternoon searching through the stacks for a book on ancient pottery.
Sumin 花了整個下午在書庫裡找一本關於古代陶器的書。
The university library's main stack room held over a hundred thousand history journals.
大學圖書館的主書庫區存放了超過十萬本歷史期刊。
Only graduate students were allowed into the closed stacks behind the reading room.
只有研究生才能進入閱覽室後面的閉架書庫。
- bookshelves
a general term without the implication of a compact, narrow-aisled storage system
- shelving
uncountable; refers to the system of shelves rather than a specific section
文法句型
the stacks (plural as area)
stack + area/room
用法筆記
When referring to the shelving area as a whole, the plural the stacks is common. Compound nouns such as stack room or stack area describe the physical space.
常見錯誤
4. airplanes flying in circles at different heights above an airport while awaiting
空中待降區
飛機分層盤旋等待降落
airplanes flying in circles at different heights above an airport while awaiting permission to land, managed by air traffic control to keep a safe distance between them.
Bad weather over Chicago caused a stack of ten planes waiting to land at O'Hare.
芝加哥的惡劣天氣造成十架飛機在 O'Hare 機場上空排隊等待降落。
stack of + number + planes (aviation term)
The pilot announced their flight was fourth in the stack with a thirty-minute delay.
機長宣布他們的航班在待降區排在第四位，預計延遲三十分鐘。
ordinal + in the stack
Air traffic controllers managed the stack carefully to keep every plane at a safe distance.
航管人員仔細管理待降區，確保每架飛機都保持安全距離。
- holding pattern
refers to the circular route each plane flies; a stack consists of multiple planes in holding patterns at different levels
文法句型
stack + of + noun (aircraft/planes)
用法筆記
A technical term in aviation. The planes are assigned different altitudes within the stack to avoid collision. Outside of aviation contexts, this sense is very rare.
5. a computer programming structure that follows a last-in-first-out rule — the new
堆疊結構
電腦資料後進先出的儲存結構
a computer programming structure that follows a last-in-first-out rule — the newest piece of data put in gets taken out before anything added earlier.
The programming exercise required Sivan to implement a stack using JavaScript arrays.
這項程式練習要求 Sivan 用 JavaScript 陣列實作一個堆疊。
implement a stack (computing task)
A stack manages function calls so the program returns to the correct place each time.
堆疊常用來管理函式呼叫，讓程式在每次呼叫後能回到正確的位置。
Pressing the back button on a browser pops the previous page off the history stack.
按下瀏覽器的返回按鈕會從瀏覽記錄堆疊中彈出上一頁。
The algorithm pushes each character onto a stack and pops them out in reverse order.
這個演算法將每個字元推入堆疊，然後以相反的順序彈出。
- LIFO queue
technically less precise because a queue typically implies FIFO; LIFO structure is the more accurate label
- queue
a FIFO (first-in-first-out) data structure, the opposite order of retrieval
文法句型
a stack (data structure)
push/pop onto/from a stack
用法筆記
The term is often used with the verbs push (to add an item) and pop (to remove the top item). The acronym LIFO (last in, first out) is commonly used alongside this sense in textbooks.
常見錯誤
6. the group of programming languages, frameworks, and software tools that work tog
技術堆疊
開發網站或應用程式的程式與工具組合
the group of programming languages, frameworks, and software tools that work together to build and run a website, mobile app, or digital service.
The team chose a JavaScript stack with React and Node.js for their web app.
團隊為他們的新網路應用程式選擇了包含 React 和 Node.js 的 JavaScript 技術堆疊。
[language] stack (named technology combination)
Lara's company uses a full stack with a database, server, and front-end framework.
Lara 的公司使用了一套完整的技術堆疊，包含資料庫、伺服器和前端框架。
full stack (all layers combined)
The IT department is updating the software stack to improve speed and security.
IT 部門正在更新整個軟體堆疊，以提升網站的速度和安全性。
Justin learned the Python stack — Django plus PostgreSQL — during his summer internship at a startup.
Justin 在一家新創公司暑期實習時學會了 Python 技術堆疊——Django 加上 PostgreSQL。
- platform
broader term that may include hardware; stack specifically highlights the layered software components
- technology stack
the full phrase for this sense, often shortened to just stack in technical conversations
文法句型
[name] + stack (e.g. MEAN stack, LAMP stack)
the + [function] + stack
用法筆記
Commonly used in compound terms: full stack (all layers of development), front-end stack, back-end stack, and named stacks like LAMP or MEAN. This sense is distinct from sense 5 (data structure) — sense 6 refers to the broader collection of technologies, not a specific memory model.
常見錯誤
7. the complete set of technology services, from the operating system up through th
服務堆疊
開發與營運軟體所需的整套技術服務
the complete set of technology services, from the operating system up through the application layer, that work together to create and operate a specific software product or website.
The LAMP stack uses Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP to run websites.
LAMP 服務堆疊使用 Linux、Apache、MySQL 和 PHP 來執行網站。
LAMP stack — named service stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
Sahil chose a cloud service stack with AWS, Docker, and PostgreSQL for his startup.
Sahil 為他的新創公司選用了一套包含 AWS、Docker 和 PostgreSQL 的雲端服務堆疊。
cloud service stack — hosted infrastructure services
The team updated the monitoring stack to catch errors before users noticed them.
團隊更新了監控服務堆疊，以便在使用者發現問題之前就捕捉到錯誤。
The developers debated whether to switch their front-end stack from React to Vue.
開發人員們爭論是否要將前端服務堆疊從 React 換成 Vue。
A reliable data-storage stack is essential for any e-commerce website.
對於任何電子商務網站來說，一個可靠的資料儲存服務堆疊都是不可或缺的。
- platform
broader; platform can include hardware and non-technical business systems
- infrastructure
focuses on hardware and networking rather than the full service layer
用法筆記
Commonly preceded by the name of a specific technology or platform (LAMP stack, AWS stack, MEAN stack). Can be shortened to just stack when the context is clear (e.g., 'We need to upgrade the stack').
8. all of the software programs and digital platforms that someone depends on to ca
軟體組合
個人或公司使用的整組軟體工具
all of the software programs and digital platforms that someone depends on to carry out their work and reach their aims.
Talia's company uses a stack of tools including Slack, Notion, and Jira.
Talia 的公司使用一套包括 Slack、Notion 和 Jira 在內的軟體組合。
stack of [tools/apps] — collection of business software
Kenji showed Marco his personal software stack for video editing and sound mixing.
Kenji 向 Marco 展示了他個人用來剪輯影片和混音的軟體組合。
The marketing team adopted a new analytics stack to track campaign performance.
行銷團隊採用一套新的分析軟體組合來追蹤活動成效。
Lucía built her creative stack around Adobe products, a drawing tablet, and a colour-calibrated monitor.
Lucía 的創意軟體組合以 Adobe 產品、繪圖板和色彩校正螢幕為核心。
The hospital's IT stack manages patient records, appointment scheduling, and billing all at once.
醫院的資訊軟體組合同時管理病歷、預約掛號和帳務處理。
用法筆記
Broader than sense 7 — this refers to any collection of software tools for a purpose, not necessarily the infrastructure layer of a single product. Often used with a domain-specific modifier: design stack, marketing stack, analytics stack.
9. a planned combination of physical exercises, foods, or nutritional supplements t
訓練組合
運動員維持體能的鍛鍊與營養品組合
a planned combination of physical exercises, foods, or nutritional supplements that a sportsperson follows to improve or maintain their physical condition.
Jabari follows a stack of weightlifting exercises three times per week.
Jabari 每週進行三次重量訓練組合。
stack of [exercises] — structured training routine
The athlete's nutrition stack includes protein shakes, vitamins, and electrolyte drinks.
那位運動員的營養組合包括高蛋白奶昔、維生素和電解質飲料。
nutrition stack — dietary and supplement combination
Apinya added yoga and swimming to her fitness stack for better endurance.
Apinya 在她的訓練組合中加入了瑜伽和游泳，以增進耐力。
Selim's morning stack starts with stretching, followed by a short run and a protein breakfast.
Selim 早晨的訓練組合從伸展開始，接著是短跑和高蛋白早餐。
The coach designed a recovery stack of ice baths, massage, and sleep tracking for the team.
教練為球隊設計了一套恢復組合，包括冰浴、按摩和睡眠追蹤。
用法筆記
Used especially in sports and fitness coaching contexts. When referring to supplements (a supplement stack), it carries a connotation of deliberate, sometimes experimental, combinations rather than a standard diet.
10. a tall, narrow pillar of rock that stands alone in the sea near a coast, created
海蝕柱
海浪侵蝕後孤立於海中的岩石柱
a tall, narrow pillar of rock that stands alone in the sea near a coast, created when waves gradually wear away the softer parts of a cliff and leave the harder rock behind.
Old Harry Rocks is a famous sea stack on the coast of southern England.
Old Harry Rocks 是英格蘭南部海岸一座著名的海蝕柱。
sea stack — isolated rock pillar formed by wave erosion
The sea stack stood against the waves for thousands of years before collapsing.
那座海蝕柱挺立了數千年，抵禦海浪侵蝕，最後才倒塌。
Tourists took photos of the towering stack from the clifftop path above the beach.
遊客們沿著沙灘上方的懸崖步道，拍攝那座高聳海蝕柱的照片。
Erosion slowly carved the base of the stack until the top broke off and fell into the water.
海浪慢慢侵蝕海蝕柱的底部，直到頂端斷裂落入水中。
The islands are famous for their dramatic stacks that rise straight out of the ocean.
這些島嶼以壯觀的海蝕柱聞名，它們從海面筆直聳立而出。
用法筆記
A technical term in geography and coastal studies. Sea stacks are often named individually (e.g., the Twelve Apostles in Australia). The word arch, cave, and stump describe earlier and later stages of the same erosional process.
11. a road accident involving one or more vehicles, especially one that results in d
車禍
汽車碰撞事故，常造成毀損
a road accident involving one or more vehicles, especially one that results in damage to the cars involved.
A three-car stack on the motorway caused traffic delays of over an hour.
高速公路上發生一起三車連環車禍，導致交通延誤超過一個小時。
multi-car stack — pile-up on the road
Felix was shaken but not hurt after the stack on the icy mountain road.
Felix 在結冰的山路上發生車禍，雖然受到驚嚇但並未受傷。
Nobody was injured in the stack, but all four cars needed expensive repairs.
那場車禍中沒有人受傷，但四輛車都需要花大錢修理。
Jessica called the police right after witnessing a bad stack at the intersection.
Jessica 目睹十字路口發生嚴重車禍後，立刻報警。
The truck driver was blamed for the stack because he had been driving too fast in the rain.
那場車禍被歸咎於卡車司機，因為他在雨中開得太快。
用法筆記
Originally British and Australian slang, now quite widely understood. A stack often implies multiple vehicles colliding in a chain (a pile-up) rather than a single-car accident. More informal than crash or collision.
12. a tall vertical pipe or chimney on a building, factory, or ship, through which s
煙囪
工廠排放煙塵的直立管道
a tall vertical pipe or chimney on a building, factory, or ship, through which smoke, gases, or steam are released into the air.
The factory stack released a thin stream of white smoke into the grey sky.
工廠煙囪向灰濛濛的天空排放出一縷白煙。
factory stack — tall smokestack on an industrial building
Camille could see the old brick stack from her bedroom window across the river.
Camille 從她河對岸的臥室窗戶可以看到那座舊磚造煙囪。
New environmental rules forced the plant to install filters on its main stack.
新的環保法規迫使該工廠在其主要煙囪上安裝過濾設備。
Tanvi watched the dark smoke rising from the factory stack as she walked to school.
Tanvi 在上學途中看著工廠煙囪冒出的黑煙。
The old power plant had four stacks that could be seen from miles away.
那座老舊的發電廠有四根煙囪，從好幾英里外就能看到。
用法筆記
Often used in the compound smokestack (especially in American English) where British English prefers chimney. The phrase smokestack industry refers to traditional heavy manufacturing (steel, cars, chemicals) rather than modern tech industries.